PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 411

Lesson 2A
Drilling Systems
Drilling Rigs
Drilling a Well

Homework
Read ADE to p. 21
Learn the Definitions in Lesson 2B
ADE # 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
(on the internet)
due Monday, September 8, 2003

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 2 of 53

Rotary Drilling
CHAPTER 1 (ADE)

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

Drilling Team

Drilling Rigs

Rig Power System

Hoisting System

Circulating System . . .
PETE 411 Well
Drilling

Slide 3 of 53

Rotary Drilling - contd

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

The Rotary System

The Well Control System

Well-Monitoring System

Special Marine Equipment

Drilling Cost Analysis

Examples
PETE 411 Well
Drilling

Slide 4 of 53

The Rig Count

2A. Rigs,
From the Houston Chronicle, August 2001, 2002 and 2003
Drilling a
PETE 411 Well
Well
Drilling
Slide 5 of 53

From
2A.
Rigs,the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, September 1, 2002
Drilling a
PETE 411 Well
Well
Drilling
Slide 6 of 53

2A.From
Rigs, the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, August 31, 2003
Drilling a
PETE 411 Well
Well
Drilling
Slide 7 of 53

Noble
Drillings
Cecil
Forbes
A JackUp Rig
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 8 of 53

Sonats
George
Washington

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

A SemiSubmersible
Rig

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 9 of 53

Zapatas
Trader
A
Drillship
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 10 of 53

Deep Water Development Options

SUBSEA
COMPLETIONS

FIXED
PLATFORMS
COMPLIANT
TOWERS

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

FLOATING
PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

TENSION
LEG
PLATFORMS

Slide 11 of 53

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 12 of 53

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

TENSION LEG PLATFORM

Slide 13 of 53

Shells
Auger
Tension
Leg
Platform
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 14 of 53

Shells
Bullwinkle
Worlds tallest
offshore
structure
1,353 water
depth
Production
began in 1989
45,000 b/d
80MM
2A.
Rigs,scf/d

Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 15 of 53

To TENSIONERS

SLIP JOINT

MARINE
RISER
GUIDE LINES
BOP STACK
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

GUIDE BASE
MUDLINE
Slide 16 of 53

2A. Rigs,
Drilling
a
PETEdrilling
411 Well rig organization
Fig. 1.3
- Typical
Well
Drilling
Slide 17 of 53

Fig. 1.4
The
rotary
drilling
process

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 18 of 53

Fig. 1.5
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Classification of
rotary drilling
rigsSlide 19 of 53

Fig.
1.13
Engine
power
output
P=F.V

Power = Force * Velocity

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 20 of 53

TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE

OF VARIOUS FUELS
Fuel
Type

diesel
gasoline
butane
methane
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

Density
(lbm/gal)

7.2
6.6
4.7
--PETE 411 Well
Drilling

Heating Value
(Btu/lbm)

19,000
20,000
21,000
24,000
Slide 21 of 53

Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output

torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200
rpm. If the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr,
what is the output power and overall efficiency of
the engine?

Solution:

The angular velocity, , is given by

= 2 (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.)

The power output can be computed using Eq.1.1

7,539.8 (1,740) ft - lbf/min

P T
397.5hp
2A. Rigs,
33,000 ft - lbf/min /hp

Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 22 of 53

Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2

lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000
Btu/lbm (Table 1.1). Thus, the fuel consumption
rate w f is:

1 hour
w f 31.5 gal/hr (7.2 lbm/gal)

60 minutes
wf = 3.78 lbm/min.

The total heat energy consumed by the engine is

given by Eq. 1.2:
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 23 of 53

Efficiency = (Power Out / Power

in)
Qi = w f H
3.78 lbm/min 19,000Btu/lbm 779 ft - lbf/Btu
Qi
33,000 ft - lbf/min/hp
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200
rpm given by Eq. 1.3 is

P 397.5

0.234 or 23.4%
t
2A.E
Rigs,
Qi 1695.4
Drilling a
PETE 411 Well
Well

Drilling

Slide 24 of 53

Drilling a Well
Steps in Drilling a Well
Duties of Drilling Engineer
Making a Connection
Making a Trip
Rig Selection Criteria
Derrick Loading
Rigs,
2A.
Definitions (Lesson 2B) (separate)

Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 25 of 53

Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil

Well
1. Complete or obtain seismic, log,
scouting information or other data.
2. Lease the land or obtain concession.
3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best
data available.
4. If reserve estimates show payout, proceed
with well.
5. Obtain permits from conservation/
national authority.

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 26 of 53

Steps to Drill a Well contd

6. Prepare drilling and completion
program.
7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or
combination from selected drilling
contractors based on drilling program.
8. If necessary, modify program to fit
selected contractor equipment.
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 27 of 53

Steps to Drill a Well contd

9. Construct road, location/platforms and
other marine equipment necessary for
access to site.
10. Gather all personnel concerned for
meeting prior to commencing drilling
(pre-spud meeting)
11. If necessary, further modify program.
12. Drill well.
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 28 of 53

Steps to Drill a Well contd

13. Move off contractor if workover
unit is
to complete the well.
14. Complete well.
15. Install surface facilities.
16. Analysis of operations with
concerned
personnel.
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 29 of 53

Drilling Operations

Field
Engineers,
Drilling
A. Well planning prior to SPUD
Foremen
B. Monitor drilling operations
C. After drilling, review drilling results and
recommend future improvements prepare report.
D. General duties.

What are the well requirements?

2A. Rigs,
Objectives, safety, cost

Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 30 of 53

Making
a
Connection

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

Making
a
Trip

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 31 of 53

2A. Rigs,
mouse
Drilling a Making aPETE
411hole
Wellconnection
Well
Drilling

Slide 32 of 53

Moving Kelly
to Single in
Mousehole
Stabbing
the Pipe

Single
Added.
Ready to
Drill

2A. Rigs,
Drilling
a
PETE
411connection
Well
Making
a mouse
hole
- contd
Well
Drilling

Slide 33 of 53

Making a trip
Why
trip?

Use
Elevators
for
tripping

Put Kelly in
Rathole
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 34 of 53

Tripping
one stand
at a time
60-90 ft

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Making
a trip - contd
Drilling

Slide 35 of 53

Criteria for determining

depth limitation

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

Derrick
Drawworks
Mud Pumps
Drillstring
Mud System
Blowout Preventer
Power Plant
PETE 411 Well
Drilling

Slide 36 of 53

W
T

W W
2W
FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System

T=W
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

LD = 2W

(no friction in sheave)

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 37 of 53

n = number
of lines
W = weight
(hook load)
LD = load
on derrick

FIG 1-2 Block and Tackle System

Assuming no friction

W=4T

T = W/4

2A. Rigs,
Drilling
PETE 411 Well
LD = a6 T = 6 W/4
Well
Drilling

n 2
LD
W
n
Slide 38 of 53

Example 1.1
(no friction)
The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8-inch
casing for a deep well is determined to
be 400,000 lbs. Since this will be the
heaviest casing string run, the maximum
mast load must be calculated. Assuming
that 10 lines run between the crown and
the traveling blocks and neglecting
buoyancy effects, calculate the
load.
2A.maximum
Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 39 of 53

Solution:
The tension, T, will be distributed
equally between the 10 lines.
Therefore,
T = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbf
The tension in the fast line and dead
line will also be 40,000 lbf, so the total
load is
40,000 X 12 = 480,000 lbf
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 40 of 53

Solution, cont.
Example 1.1 demonstrates two
additional points.
1. The marginal decrease in mast load
decreases with additional lines.
2. The total mast load is always
greater than the load being lifted.
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 41 of 53

A Rotary Rig
Hoisting System

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 42 of 53

Projection of
Drilling Lines
on Rig Floor

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

TOTAL
Slide 43 of 53

Load on Derrick
( considering friction in
sheaves)

Derrick Load = Hook Load

+ Fast Line Load
+ Dead Line Load

Fd = W + Ff + Fs
W
W
1 E En
Fd W

=
W

En
n
En
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a E = overall efficiency,
PETE 411 Well
e.g., E = en = 0.98n
Well
Drilling

Slide 44 of 53

Example 1.2
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The
drawworks can provide an input power to the
block and tackle system as high as 500 hp.
Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block. Calculate
1. The static tension in the fast line
when upward motion is impending,
2. the maximum hook horsepower
available,
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 45 of 53

Example 1.2, cont.

3. the maximum hoisting speed,
4. the actual derrick load,
5. the maximum equivalent derrick
load,
and,
6. the derrick efficiency factor.
Assume that the rig floor is arranged
as shown in Fig. 1.17.

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 46 of 53

Solution
1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as
0.841 in Table 1.2. The tension in the fast line
is given by Eq. 1.7.
Tension in the Fast Line,

W
300,000
F

44,590 lb
E n 0.841* 8
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

8
( 0.98
=Well
0.851 )
PETE
411
Drilling

Slide 47 of 53

Solution
2. The maximum hook horsepower
available is

Ph = Epi = 0.841(500) = 420.5

hp.

2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 48 of 53

Solution
3. The maximum hoisting speed is given
by
Ph
vb
W
33,000 ft - lbf / min
420.5 hp

hp

300,000 lbf
2A. Rigs,
= 46.3
ft /411
minWell
Drilling a
PETE
Well

Drilling

Slide 49 of 53

Solution to 3., cont.

To pull a 90-ft stand would require

90 ft
t
1.9 min.
46.3 ft / min
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 50 of 53

Solution
4. The actual derrick load is given by
Eq.1.8b:

1 E En
Fd
W

En

1 + 0.841 + 0.841(8)
=
(300,000)

0.841(8)
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

= 382,090 lbf.

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

Slide 51 of 53

Solution
5. The maximum equivalent load is
given by Eq.1.9:

n4
8 4
Fde
W
* 300,000
n
8
FDLL

450
,
000
lbf
de
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

PETE 411 Well

Drilling

W W

4
n

n4
W
4n

FDLL

Slide 52 of 53

Solution
6. The derrick efficiency factor is:

Fd 382,090
Ed

Fde 450,000
2A. Rigs,
Drilling a
Well

E d 0.849 or 84.9%
PETE 411 Well
Drilling

Slide 53 of 53