Future Directions in

Electronic Computing and

Information Processing
Submitted by:
Yatish Bathla
Hamzeh Khalili

Why we need this Step?

Early

Failure of Moores Law

Negative Result:
o IBM has recently given up its PC market.
o doubts about the validity of the law can
negatively influence share prices of
Processor firms
some exotic new technologies such as nano
electronics or quantum computing would be
able to save us from this slowdown

Moores Law
The law is named after Intel co-founder
Gordon E. Moore
Number of transistors that can be placed
inexpensively on an integrated circuit
doubles approximately every two years
The capabilities of many digital electronic
devices are strongly linked to Moore's law:
processing speed
memory capacity
sensors
number and size of pixels in digital cameras

Moores Law

As a consequence
Scaling Algorithm was
developed.
It states Device size
would decrease by a
factor 0.7 every three
year.
Today Intel Pentium
size is around 90 nm

Moores Law
exponential

improvement has dramatically

enhanced the impact of digital electronics in
nearly every segment of the world economy
Moore's law describes a driving force of
technological and social change in the late
20th and early 21st centuries
Moores second law: Capital cost of a
semiconductor fabrication also increases
exponentially over time

Failure Of Moores Law

Failure

took place much earlier in 2004 when

intels failed to move from 90 nm to 60 nm
Reason:
Decreasing bits-per-joule energy efficiency
due to the leakage current
synergic effects of the increasing thermal
noise, heat dissipation and bandwidth during
miniaturization would manifest themselves in
either a high bit-error rate or chip overheating

Potential ways of improvements

by classical information
Parallel Processing

it cannot save Moores law because the law is

meant for a single chip. Even if we disregard
Moores law, we are facing serious problems with
the more than 100 W of todays microprocessors.
Parallel processing is useful, but the help it can
offer is limited by the total energy dissipation of
the computer.

Single-Electron Technology
Ray to Save Moore Law
To reduce processor size, it must need to
reach a reasonable bit-error rate at room
temperature, the quantum-dot size had to be
kept at or below 1 nm
But VLSI chips with I nm size are not feasible
and next to impossible

Quantum Computing
Device for computation that makes direct use of
quantum mechanical phenomena, such as
superposition and entanglement, to perform
operations on data
Use qubits and represent the state of an n-qubit
system on a classical computer would require
the storage of 2n complex coefficients
Large-scale quantum computers could be able
to solve certain problems much faster than any
classical computer

Advantage: Quantum
Computing

Quantum Fourier transform algorithm to find the period of a

function that is known in advance to be periodic,
exponentially faster than with a classical algorithm
Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-body
systems calculate almost 20 times faster integer
factorization as Classical computers
provide a polynomial speedup over a classical algorithm,
example: quantum search algorithm discovered. This
would allow one to locate a particular
item in a database of N entries with only of the order of
under root N queries, as opposed to the typical order of
queries N/2 one expects when dealing with classical
computers

Disadvantage: Quantum
Computing

De-coherence: when a measurement of any type is

made to a quantum system, decoherence breaks
down and the wave function collapses into a single
state
qubits are not digital bits of data thus they cannot
use as conventional error correction
quantum CPU will have efficiency and heating
problems of their own
minimum energy requirement for the quantum
logical operations is five times than classical
computer

Conclusion

The exponential evolution of hardware performance

has ended
space for evolution is basically in the potential
improvement of the efficiency of the software
Currently there is no new technology on the horizon
to improve this efficiency.
In Future near-to-distant future, more sophisticated,
custom-made parallel-processing clusters, as well
as conventional analog, optical, and quantum
computers will arise

Gracious