What is a variable?
Any characteristic that can take on
What is measurement?
Conceptualization or conceptual definition.
Assigning numbers to represent the (often
hidden) values or properties of a variable.
being measured.
Specifically it represents the differences in
value that a variable can take:
A,B,C,D and F represent the values of a grading
system and the relationships between values:
Outstanding work ; Very good to excellent
work; Adequate work ;Passing work that is
minimally adequate, Failing work that is clearly
inadequate and unworthy of credit.
The challenge is
To merge the rules that govern the
Magnitude (order)
Interval
A true zero
Nominal variables
The least like real numbers.
The only property they have is
Nominal
Which recreational activities do you participate
in?
(Please circle the number of all that apply )
1
2
3
4
5
HIKING
FISHING
PICNICKING
BOATING
SWIMMING
Nominal
Which recreational activities do you
participate in? (Please list the activities in
the spaces below)
1__Baking brownies_________
2__Underwater Ping-pong_____
3__Cow tipping_____________
4__Reading Statistics books____
Earl
Greg
Mike
Matt
Ordinal variables
Have identity
Have magnitude (order). A>B>C>D.
We know relative order.
We DO NOT know how much better A
was relative to B.
Consider two races in which we know
the order of finish (ranks).
Ordinal variables
Earl=1
Greg=2
Mike=3
Matt=4
KC=1
Sarah=2
Liza=3
Marci=4
Earl
Greg
Mike
Matt
Ordinal
Which recreational activities are most
important to you? (In the spaces below
please write in the names of the three
most important activities selected form
the list below)
MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITY
____________
2nd MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITY
_____________
3rd MOST IMPORTANT ACTIVITY
__________
Ordinal
The interval, or distance between
numbers is unequal and unknown:
Idaho
MN
ND
Skiing
Rugby
Opera
AxeThrow
AxeThrow
Skiing
Opera
Rugby
AxeThrow
Rugby
Skiing
Opera
RANK
1
2
3
4
Ordinal
The interval, or distance between
numbers is unequal and unknown:
AVERAGE Rank overall RANK
Skiing
2.0
1
AxeThrow 2.3
2
Rugby
2.7
3
Opera
3.3
4
Interval variables
Have identity and magnitude.
Also have known distance between values.
Form a true scale, but without a zero point.
Temperature:
Is August 31, at 100F twice as hot as
September 18 at 50F?
There is a true zero, isnt there??
3:15pm
3:21pm
3:22pm
4:19pm
Earl
Greg
Mike
Matt
3:15pm
3:21pm
3:22pm
4:19pm
Earl
Greg
Mike
Matt
Interval
What is your current age? (Please
check the letter that best matches
your age)
A. 11-15
B. 16-20
C. 21-25
D. 26-30
C. 31-35 . . . . . . .etc.
Interval
How important are each of the following activities to you?
How important is each activity to you?
(Please circle one response for each activity)
ACTIVITY
1. HIKING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
2. FISHING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
3. PICNICKING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
4. BOATING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT
QUITE
IMPORTANT
MODERATELY
IMPORTANT
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
5. SWIMMING
IMPORTANT
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
Interval
How important are each of the following activities to you?
How important is each activity to you?
(Please circle one response for each activity)
ACTIVITY
1. HIKING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
2. FISHING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
3. PICNICKING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
4. BOATING
EXTREMELY
QUITE
MODERATELY
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT
QUITE
IMPORTANT
MODERATELY
IMPORTANT
SOMEWHAT
IMPORTANT
5. SWIMMING
IMPORTANT
From Table 2:
~48
~36
~24
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
NOT VERY
~12
~0
Ratio Variables
Have identity, magnitude and interval.
And since they have a true zero, they
can be expressed as ratios of each
other.
They are true numbers.
All mathematical properties apply.
The represent score data.
Earl
Greg
Mike
Matt
Greg
Mike
Matt
Ratio
How much time did you spend
participating in each of these activities?
(Please write in the number of hours for
each activity in the spaces below)
I SPENT ______ HOURS HIKING
I SPENT ______ HOURS FISHING
I SPENT ______ HOURS PICNICKING
I SPENT ______ HOURS BOATING
I SPENT ______ HOURS SWIMMING
L
E
V
E
L
O
F
M
E
A
S
U
R
E
M
E
N
T
N
O
M
I
N
A
L
O
R
D
I
N
A
L
I
N
T
E
R
V
A
L
R
A
T
I
O
a
m
e
s
o
f
R
a
n
k
s
,
A
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
c
a
l
e
s
,
L
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
s
t
a
y
,
E
X
A
M
PLE
S lN
a
io
c
t
v
i
t
e
s
,
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
c
o
m
e
,
a
g
e
a
o
n
g
e
n
d
e
r
Iu
d
e
n
t
i
y
I
d
e
n
t
i
y
,
I
d
e
n
t
i
y
,
I
d
e
n
t
i
y
,
PR
O
PE
R
T
IE
S(eq
iv
a
le
n
ce
)m
a
g
u
d
e
m
a
g
u
d
e
m
a
g
u
d
e
(
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
)
e
q
u
l
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
s
e
q
u
l
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
s
,
t
r
u
e
z
o
C
o
u
n
t
R
a
n
k
o
r
d
e
r
R
a
n
k
o
r
d
e
r
,
R
a
n
k
o
r
d
e
r
,
M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
u
b
t
a
c
t
a
d
,
s
u
b
t
a
c
t
O
PE
R
A
T
IO
N
S(freqecy) ada,vse
r
a
g
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
y
,
d
i
v
i
d
e
N
o
m
i
n
a
l
R
a
n
k
s
S
c
a
l
e
S
c
o
r
e
s
T
Y
P
E
O
F
D
A
T
A
A
i
s
n
o
t
A
i
s
l
e
s
A
i
s
t
h
r
e
u
n
i
t
s
A
i
s
t
w
i
c
e
a
s
S
O
F
q
u
a
l
t
o
t
h
a
n
/
g
r
a
t
e
r
m
o
r
e
/
l
s
t
h
a
n
l
a
r
g
e
/
s
m
a
l
B
C
O
M
PA
R
IS
O
N
Sequal/e
B th
a
n B
consistency; repeatability
Validity = accuracy; truthfulness; the
degree of match between the
construct or the way it is
conceptualized or defined) and a
measure of the concept. How well an
idea fits reality.
Reliability
Repeated use of the measure with
Clear conceptualization
Precise measurement
Multiple indicators
Pilot-testing
Validity
Specifically, measurement validity
Measures are valid for a single purpose
Three types of validity:
Faceas judged by others or by logic
Contentcaptures the entire meaning of the
experience
Criterionagrees with a validates, reliable
external source:
Validity
Internal Validity design and
Reliable,
NOT valid
Valid,
NOT Reliable
Valid AND
Reliable