Material testing

Lesson 2

Stress
stress internal force in a material which

tends to resist deformation when subjected

to external forces
intensity of a stress unit depends on the

size of the force acting on a unit area of the

material
applied force
stress
=
--------------------c.s.a. of a material

Types of stresses
Compressive stress
Tensile stress
Shear stress
Torsion
Bending

Compressive stress
Compressive stress is the stress applied

to materials resulting in their compaction

(decrease of volume).
Usually compressive stress is applied to
bars, columns, etc.

Tensile stress
Tensile stress is the stress state leading

to expansion (volume and/or length of a

material tends to increase). In the uniaxial
manner of tension, tensile stress is induced
by pulling forces across a bar, specimen,
etc.

Shear stress
Shear stress is a stress state where the

shape of a material tends to change

without particular volume change.

Torsion
the stress which resists a force tending to

twist the material (e.g. axle, screw, etc.)

Bending
Bending occurs when the force applied

tends to pull a horizontal bar out of its

straight line.

Strain
Strain = distortion of a material

(permanent change in size and shape due

to stress)

Material testing
Tensile test measures strength and ductility of a

material
A) a static increasing pull is applied until fracture results
(stress - strain curve)
B) a dynamic load is applied giving data on fatigue impact
Impact test measures the energy absorbed by a

material when it is fractured

Hardness test measures material resistance to

indentation

Creep test measures slow plastic deformation of a

material under constant stress

Testing machine

Testing procedure
a specimen of standard size = test piece
grip in jaws
apply load gradually (tensile or

compressive)
extend, extension, extended
original length = L1
new length = L2
deformation = extension/original length

Stress Strain Curve

Modulus of elasticity
the modulus of elasticity (elastic modulus)

of an object is defined as the slope of its

stress-strain curve in the elastic
deformation region

Yield point
= the stress at which a material begins to

deform plastically
prior to the yield point the material will

deform elastically and will return to its

original shape when the applied stress is
removed
once the yield point is passed, some fraction

of the deformation will be permanent and

non-reversible

Proof stress (Offset yield

point)

when a yield point is not easily defined

based on the shape of the stress-strain

curve an offset yield point is arbitrarily
defined
the value for this is commonly set at 0.1 or

0.2% of the strain

Proof stress (Offset yield

point)

Ultimate tensile strength

(UTS)

= the maximum stress that a material can

withstand while being stretched or pulled

before necking (c.s.a. of a material is
reduced)

Factor of safety
describes the structural capacity of a

system beyond the expected loads or

actual loads (= how much stronger the
system is than it usually needs to be for an
intended load)