ENLGISH FOR SCIENTIFIC

COMMUNICATION
for Graduate students of clinical and
industrial pharmacy
Dr. Christina Avani, MS, Apt.
Dr.Besin Gaspar, M.Pd
gasparbesin@ubaya.ac.id
Phone 0856-4805-1537

LEARNING OUTCOMES
SCIENTIFIC WRITING/PAPER
SCIENTIFIC PRESENTATION

Steps in paper writing based on

a research.

1. writing the intro

2. writing the theories
3. Writing the methods
4. Presenting the result and discussion
5. writing the conclusion
6. overall : writing a good paragraph.

Steps in paper writing ( based

on review of literature)

1. Write the outline

2. Write the intro
3. Write the main parts/discussion
4. Write the conclusion

LOGICAL STEPS IN
WRITING A PAPER
1.Choose a topic
2.Narrow the topic
3.State your thesis/problem
4.Writing a tentative outline
5.Organize your notes and write the draft
6.Revise your outline and draft
7. Type your final paper

TYPES OF
ACADEMIC/SCIENTIFIC PAPER
1. Paper based on a research
2. Paper based on the review of literature.
The format is different

HOW TO NARROW THE TOPIC

1. Giving the sub-title
- Research paper:
how to make the outline
- Artificial intelligence: how does it work?
2. Focusing on one/two aspects:
Research paper:
- the outline of a research paper
- research paper for univ. students
- the main parts in a research paper

OUTLINE OF A PAPER
I. Introduction/Background
II. Underlying theories ( sometimes not
explicit)
III. Research methods (optional)
IV. Analysis/findings and discussion
V. Conclusion and suggestions

MODEL -1
STROKE: the causes , early symptoms
and treatments (review of literature)
I. INTRODUCTION 200-250
II. AN OVERVIEW OF STROKE
A. The Causes
B. Early Symptoms
C. Treatments 600-750
III. CONCLUSION 30-50

MODEL - 2
THE PATIENTS OF STROKE AT MITRA
HOSPITAL: a case study
I. INTRODUCTION 200 - 250
II. STROKE: an Overview 300 - 400
A
. B.
C. 1. 2.
III. RESEARCH METHODS 30-50
IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 200 -300
A. B. C.
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS. 50-60

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
MAIN POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
x introduce the topic
x explain why the topic is interesting
x explain the phenomenon: whats going wrong? xTo
what extent has this problem been dealt with? What
is the result? Is there any gap? So, what is the
purpose of your paper?
x state your thesis/problem and how you want to
approach the topic.

TYPICAL EXPERESSIONS USED

IN THE INTRO/BACKGROUND
-This paper deals with -- - This paper focuses on ---

This paper is trying to explore --This paper is intended to identify/find out

This paper is intended to prove --This topic is interesting to discuss
because ---

HOW TO WRITE THE THESIS

It is a statement containing your
opinion/standpoint to respond to an
issue/problem.
E.g. Why people suffer from heart attack?
Based on various sources, heart attack is
caused by three main factors : A, B and
C. This paper is trying to discuss these in
detail using . ( methods, approach)

How to formulate the problem

There three two main problems concerning the
topic and these can be formulated as follows:
1) What ?
2) How ?
3) To what extent?
This paper aims to answer the following
questions: 1) What ..?

How to write the objectives

This paper is intended
1) to define .
2) to identify .
3) to find out
4) to compare ..
5) to give alternative solutions

REFERRING TO THE FORMER

STUDIES
This topic has been dealt with by several
researchers, among others, A (), B ()
The latest study dealing with this topic is
the one conducted by XYZ from ABC
( 2009). But the result of those studies
shows that S --- V ---. Therefore, it is
challenging to conduct similar study but
with different focus in order to ----

SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMER
STUDIES
know what has been done
( when summarizing former studies,
use simple past tense)
----- something missing?
Know what needs to be done
e.g.Therefore, it is necessary to
conduct the similar study but with
different focus in order to ----

HOW TO REFER TO THE

THEORY/OPINION
QUOTING reproducing the exact
original text: -----------
SUMMARIZING
PARAPHRASING
e.g. According to Brown (2003:43), X is --Brown (2003: 43) states that X is ---X, as stated by Brown ( 2003: 43), is ---X is --- ( Brown, 2003: 43)

 A .Definiton
There are two terms used to refer to X, that is, A
and B. This concept has been defined
differently. According to Brown ( ), X is
/means/ can be defined as the process of ./
refers to the process of
On the other hand/in contrast, Siti M () defines
X as From the two definitions above, there
are two characteristics of X, mainly ,,,, and

 Based on .,X can be classified into

two :X-1 and X-2. X-1 refers to the ..
while X-2 is used to refer to the

QUOTING
USING ONES WORDS/NO CHANGE
Brown ( 2007, 12) concludes, smoking
is not the primary cause of lung cancer
But this has been countered by the
latest findings in Harvard Medical
School. ( Brian, 2012).
( under 40 words)

PARAPHRASING
USING ONES IDEA BY PUTTING THEM
IN YOUR OWN WORDS, THEN REF.)
Brown ( 2007, 12), based on his research
conducted at ABC Hospital, came to the
conclusion that lung cancer is caused by
several factors and there are no sufficient
data to prove/state that smoking is the
most dominant factor.

HOW TO DESCRIBE THE

METHODS
1. Language :

- Use simple past tense

- Use passive constructions/if possible

2. Points to be included.

- type of research

- sources of data, data collection, etc.

- process/steps

EXAMPLE 1
This research is categorized as a case
study since the purpose is to get a
global picture about the whole case or
phenomenon. The data were taken from
the patients of canter at ABS Hospital
from January to July 2014 with the total of
40 patients. The data were then verified
and classified into Finally .

Method - experiment
First , the X was put into the tube and
heated until Then, it was . After
that, it was again for about 3 hours.
Finally, it was . and the process was
done.
Signals : first, second, then, next, after
that, finally.

PRACTICE
How do you describe the following
process? ( past)
1. You produced jamu TOLAK ANGIN
with high quality.
2. You tested the yoghurt to make sure
that it was safe to eat/not contaminated.

REPORTING THE RESULTS

Language :
1. Use simple past
2. passive or active .. Ok
3. Typical expressions:
-It was found that .
-The amount/number decreased by 10
points
- The temperature remained unchanged

Typical expressions
As seen in the table/chart, the number of
patients suffering from lung cancer has
increased sharply in the 6 months.
There was a sharp increase in the
number of patients of lung cancer in the
last 6 months.
The amount of P in the was 45

More expressions
As seen in the table above, the amount
of based on the lab testing was under
50 %.
There was no significant change in the
( fact or opinion/conclusion?)

Practice
You wanted to know which was more
effective for a sore throat: amoxyline or
cyprox.
a. first, describe the testing process
b. then report the result
Based on the lab test, it was found that the
min inhibitory concentration of amox. was
6.000 ppm while the min inhibitory
concentration in cyprox was 3,000 ppm.

DISCUSS THE FINDINGS

What was the result?

What was the trend?
Discuss : why is it so?
: make some interpretations.
( What is the conlcusion? )

HOW TO WRITE THE

CONLCUSION.
Give the signal,
- In conclusion,
- Based on the analysis, it can be
concluded that
Summarize the results of analysis
Comment or recommend ?

Result, discussion, conclusion

What was the result ?
Why was it so? How do you interpret it?
What is the conclusion?

Intro,Theory,Result, Conclusion

Intro: to what extent is the yoghurt safe

to consume.
Theory: Y is safe to consume if the
amount of P in the is under 50
Result: Based on lab testing, the amount
of P is 45.
Concl. : Y is safe to consume.