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MAGNETIC

CIRCUITS

INTRODUCTION

Magnetic Circuit

A closed path containing magnetic flux.


It also contain air gaps and other materials.

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INTRODUCTION (Cont)

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT

Flux Density, B

Occur when
magnetomotive force
(mmf) is applied to
magnetic material.
It will induced flux,
Unit in Webers(wb)
The number of flux line
per area is called flux
density, B.
Unit in Tesla

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B
A
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PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT (cont..)

Permeability,

Different magnetic material has it own strength


of magnet.
This strength is vary depends:
Type of core being used
Number of flux line through the core.

Permeability of free space (vacuum) is denoted


by o.
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Relative permeability, r
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0 4 10 wb / Am

r
0

AMPERES CIRCUITAL
LAW

Use the same concept as electric circuit.

Flux = current. It produced in a core


Magnetomotive force (mmf)= electromotive
force (emf).

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AMPERES CIRCUITAL LAW


(cont)

emf , E
Current I
E
I
R
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mmf , F NI
Flux
NI

R R =Reluctanc
l
R

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AMPERES CIRCUITAL LAW


(cont)

Electric Circuit
Apply KVL
V = 0

Magnetic Circuit
Apply AmpereS
circuital Law
F = 0
The mmf drop is

F Hl

(At)

H : magnetizing force
l:length of the section
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Determine
NI
H
L

B
A
BA

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H can be obtain from B-H curve

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B-H CURVE (MAGNETIZING


CURVE)

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SERIES MAGNETIC
CIRCUITS

Reluctance is seldom determined.


Flux can be determined using ohms law
analogy.
The value of B and H is determined using
B-H curve and is calculated if asked for.

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Example 2: For magnetic circuit below, find


the value of I to develop a magnetic flux of 4
x 10-4wb and and r for the material under
I
Cast steel
these conditions.
N=400

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L = 0.16m
A = 2 x 10-3 m2

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Solution:
Flux Density, B

From B-H curve : H = 170 At/m

4 10 4
B
A 2 10 3
B 0.2T
Permeability,

B 0 .2

1.18 10 3 wb / Am
H 170
1.18 10 3
r

935.83
7
o 4 10
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F NI Hl
Hl
I
N

170 0.16
I
400
I 68mA

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Example 3:The electromagnetic has picked


up a section of cast iron. Determine the
current I required to establish the indicated
flux of the core.
f

Sheet steel

N=50t

b
e
e

Cast steel

Given
Lab = Lcd = Lef = Lfa = 10cm
Lbc = Lde = 1cm
A = 4 x 10-4 m2
Flux = 3.5 x 10-4 wb

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AIR GAPS

Exist when there is an


opening at the
electromagnetic device.
Air gaps will cause the
flux to bends outwards.
The flux density is not
uniformly equal to the
flux density in the
surrounding magnetic
material (fringing).

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AIR GAPS (cont)

Flux density, Bg

g
Bg
Ag
where

g core
Ag Acore
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Magnetizing force, Hg

Hg

Bg

The permeability of air is equal


to permeability of free space

g o
The mmf, Fg across the air gap

Fg H g l g

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Example 4: Find the value of I required to


establish a magnetic flux of 0.75 x 10-4 wb in
a series magnetic circuit.
f
I
200t

Given:

Air gap = 2 x 10-3 m

Area = 1.5 x 10-4 m2


Lcdfeab = 100 x 10-3 m

Lbc = 2 x 10-3 m

Cast steel

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Solution
Flux Density, B

0.75 10 4
B
0.5T
4
A 1.5 10
From B-H curve : HCS = 280 At/m
For air gap, Hg

Bg

0.5
5
Hg

3
.
98

10
At / m
7
O 4 10

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Amperes Circuital Law

F NI Hl

Hl Hl Hl
Hl 280 100 10 3.98 10 2 10
Hl 824 At
CS

Hl

N
824
I
200
I 4.12 A
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SERIES PARALLEL
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

The close analogies between electric and magnetic circuits will lead to series-parallel
magnetic circuits. The analogy will be helpful in solving the problem.
Example:

Find the value of I required to establish a magnetic flux of 1.5 x 10 -4wb in cd. Given
that, lbcde = lefab = 0.2m, lbe = 0.05m, cross sectional area, A = 6 x 10 -4 m2

c
Sheet steel

50t
f

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

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Exercise 3

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Exercise 4

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Exercise 5

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