What is dibetes

Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in

which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar),
either because insulin production is inadequate, or
because the body's cells do not respond properly to
.insulin, or both

What happens if there is a

problem with the production of
?insulin

Glucose in blood is not able to go into the cells.

The cells cant meet energy needs and energy is

tried to be provided from fat and protein.

Using fat as the energy source results the

increasing of keton in the body.

With the usage of protein as energy source,the

patient feels themselves tired and sluggish.

If blood glucose is to high,It is tried to be thrown

away by kidneys so the patients begin to urinate so
often.

As a result, the patients feel thirsty and start to

drink a lot.

Types of dibetes

There are 4 major types of diabetes.

1)

Type 1 Diabetes

2)

Type 2 Diabetes

3)

Gestational Diabetes

4)

Pre-diabetes

Teyp 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and

young adults. Only 10% of people with diabetes
have this form of the disease.

In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce

insulin.

 Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to

take insulin injections for the rest of their
life. They must also ensure proper bloodglucose levels by carrying out regular
blood tests and following a special diet.

Type 2 diabetes
The body does not produce enough insulin for proper
function, or the cells in the body do not react to
insulin. Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes
worldwide are of this type.
Some people may be able to control their type 2
diabetes symptoms by losing weight, following a
healthy diet, doing plenty of exercise, and
monitoring their blood glucose levels.

However, type 2 diabetes is typically a progressive

disease .

it gradually gets worse and the patient will probably

end up have to take insulin, usually in tablet form.

 Overweight and obese people have

a much higher risk of developing type
2 diabetes compared to those with a
healthy body weight.
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes
is also greater as we get older.
Men whose testosterone levels are low
have also been found to have a higher
risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES
This type affects females during
pregnancy. The majority of
gestational diabetes patients can
control their diabetes with exercise
and diet. Undiagnosed or
uncontrolled gestational diabetes
can raise the risk of complications
during childbirth. The baby may be
bigger than he/she should be.

Diabetes in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is one of the 20 countries of the IDF

MENA region.

387 million people have diabetes in the world

andmore than 37 million people in the MENA
Region; by 2035 this will rise to 68 million.

There were 3.8 million cases of diabetes in Saudi

Arabia in 2015.

Diabetes in Saudi Arabia - 2015

Total adult
population (1000s) 18,546
(years 20-79)

Number of deaths
in adults due to
diabetes

25,527

Prevalence of
diabetes in adults
( )%(years 20-79)

20.5

Cost perperson
with diabetes
(USD)

1,067.3

3,806.4

Number of cases of
diabetes in adults
that are
1,549.2
undiagnosed
(1000s)

Total cases of
adults (20-79
years) with
diabetes (1000s)

Saudi Diabetes & Endocrine

Association (SDEA)
Supporting application of
best practices of care and
prevention of diabetes and
Endocrine related diseases.

Mission-

Vision-

Empower people with

diabetes and other Endocrine
diseases to adopt healthy
lifestyles

Activities

It has various clubs to promote sharing of knowledge and

distribution of educational materials:
1. Education Club
2. Endocrine club
3. Dietitian Club
4. A Women's Health Committee
5. A Media Team to help the coverage and spread of its
various activities: forums, workshops, and educational
sessions. It is in the process of launching a Children's
Diabetic Club as well as the Friends of Diabetics Club

CAUSES of DIABETES
Diabetes causes vary depending
on your genetic makeup, family
history, ethnicity, health and
environmental factors.
There is no defined diabetes
cause because the causes of
diabetes vary depending on the
individual and the type.

diabetes symptoms
Polyuria
Weakness
Polydipsia
Fatigue
Polyphagia
weight loss
(+) glucose in urine (glycosuria)
nausea / vomiting

diagnosing

Random venous plasma glucose concentration .

Fasting plasma glucose concentration.

Two hour plasma glucose concentration.

SOME COMPLCATONS LNKED TO

BADLY CONTROLLED DABETES

Eye complications - glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and

some others.

Foot complications - neuropathy, and sometimes gangrene which may

require that the foot be amputated

Heart problems - heart disease when the blood supply to the heart
muscle is diminished

Hypertension - common in people with diabetes, which can raise the

risk of kidney disease, eye problems, heart attack and stroke

Mental health - uncontrolled diabetes raises the risk of suffering from

depression, anxiety and some other mental disorders

Hearing loss - diabetes patients have a higher risk of developing

hearing problems

Gastroparesis - the muscles of the stomach stop working properly

Stroke - if blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood glucose levels
are not controlled, the risk of stroke increases significantly

DIABETES TREATMENT

Prevention and treatment often involve :

physical exercise,

being a normal body weight.

Healthy diet

BELOW ARE SOME

DIABETES Misconceptions

People with diabetes should not exercise not

true!!

Exercise is important for people with diabetes, as it is

for everybody else.

Dabetes patients should discuss exercise with their

doctors before starting the exercise.

Fat people always develop type 2 diabetes

eventually - this is not true.

Being overweight or obese raises the risk of becoming

diabetic, they are risk factors, but do not mean that
an obese person will definitely become diabetic.

Children can outgrow diabetes - this is not true.

Nearly all children with diabetes have type 1; insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas have been
destroyed. These never come back. Children with
type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin for the rest
of their lives, unless a cure is found one day.

Only older people develop type 2 diabetes things are changing.

A growing number of children and teenagers are

developing type 2 diabetes due to the explosion in
childhood obesity rates, poor diet, and physical
inactivity

If you have diabetes you cannot eat

chocolates or sweets - people with diabetes can
eat chocolates and sweets if they combine them
with exercise or eat them as part of a healthy meal.

Diabetics cannot eat bread, potatoes or pasta

- people with diabetes can eat starchy foods.
However, they must keep an eye on the size of the
portions.

Diabetes diets are different from other

people's - the diet doctors recommend healthy
nutrition's; healthy for every body .Meals should
contain plenty of vegetables, fruit, whole grains,
and they should be low in salt and sugar, and
saturated or trans fat.

DIAGNOSIS
1.Fluid Volume Deficit
related to:
osmotic diuresis (hyperglycemia).
2.Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements
related to
poornutritionintake.
3.Risk for Infection
related to:
high glucose levels
reduction in leukocyte function.

DIAGNOSIS
4.Knowledge Deficit:
related to: lack of information.
5. Risk forImpaired Skin Integrity
related to:
immobilization
neuropathy.
6.Activity Intolerance
related to:
physical weakness.

Discharge Goals

1-Homeostasis achieved.

2-Causative/precipitating factors
corrected/controlled.

3-Complications prevented/minimized.

4-Disease process/prognosis, self-care needs, and

therapeutic regimen understood.

5-Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.

Nursing Interventions

Establish rapport

Lifestyle Self Management

Nutrition and Exercise

Ascertain understanding of individual nutritional

needs

Discuss eating habits and encourage diabetic diet as

prescribed by the Doctor

Teach Foot Care

Checking Your Blood Sugar

Take and record vital signs

Encourage expression of feelings and anxieties

Assess response to activity

Assess muscle strength of patient and functional

level of activity.

Discuss with patient the need for activity

Take and record vital signs

Monitor the temperature

States with the highest prevalence

of diabetes rates (2014)
1.the Marshall Islands 37.1 %
2. Micronesia 36.3 %
3. Tukeal 29.6 %
4. Kiribati 26.4 %
5. Cook Islands 25.5 %
6. French Polynesia 24.4 %
7. Saudi Arabia 23.9 %
8. Vanuatu 23.7 %
9. Nauru 23.3 %
10. Kuwait 23.1 %

Educology

Pharmacology

Definition:

Definition:

Using education as a tool for disease

prevention or treatment.

Material:
Large verity of methods.

Efficacy:
More effective than drugs.

Action:
Long term.

Side effect:
None.

Cost:
50 SR annually.*cheap

Acceptance:
Less accepted.**

.The National Saudi Diabetes Registry 2004*

. Diabetic Medicine Vol 24, 1997**

Science of drug effect on human body and

its role in disease treatment.

Material:
Active compound.

Efficacy:
Effective according to the dose.

Action:
Short term.

Side effect:
May be.

Cost:
4000 SR annually.*Expensive

Acceptance:
More accepted.**