KOMUNIKASI DATA

Chapter 1
Introduction
GBPP
SAP

What is data communication?

Adalah bagian dari telekommunikasi yang
melingkupi transmission of data ke dan dari
computers dan components sistem komputer.
More specifically data communication is
transmitted via mediums such as wires,
coaxial cables, fiber optics, or radiated
electromagnetic waves such as broadcast
radio, infrared light, microwaves, and
satellites.

History of Telecommunications
Invention of telegraph Samuel Morse 1837
Invention of telephone- Alexander Graham
Bell 1876
Development of wireless By ??? 1896
Concept of universal access and growth of
AT&T

History of Telecommunications
Continued.
Three main developments that led to the
growth of data communications systems:
Large-scale integration of circuits reduced the
cost and size of terminals and comm
equipment
Developments of software systems made
establishment of communication networks
easy
Competition among providers of transmission
facilities reduced the cost of data circuits

A Communications Model
Source : generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter : Converts data into
transmittable signals
Transmission System : Carries data
Receiver : Converts received signal into data
Destination : Takes incoming data

Simplified Communications
Model - Diagram

Key Communications Tasks

Transmission System Utilization

Interfacing
Signal Generation
Synchronization
Exchange Management
Error detection and correction
Addressing and routing
Recovery
Message formatting
Security
Network Management

Key Data Communication

Concepts

Session: communication dialog between network users or

applications
Network: interconnected group of computers and
communication devices
Node: a network-attached computer
Link: connects adjacent nodes (see Figure 1-4)
Path: end-to-end route within a network
Circuit: the conduit over which data travels
Packetizing: dividing messages into fixed-length packets
prior to transmission over a networks communication
media
Routing: determining a messages path from sending to
receiving nodes.

Simplified
Data Communications Model

Networking
Point to point communication not usually practical
Devices are too far apart
Large set of devices would need impractical number of
connections

Solution is a communications network

Simplified Network Model

Wide Area Networks

Large geographical area

Crossing public rights of way
Rely in part on common carrier circuits
Alternative technologies

Circuit switching
Packet switching
Frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Circuit Switching
Dedicated communications path established for
the duration of the conversation
e.g. telephone network

Packet Switching
Data sent out of sequence
Small chunks (packets) of data at a time
Packets passed from node to node
between source and destination
Used for terminal to computer and
computer to computer communications

Frame Relay
Packet switching systems have large
overheads to compensate for errors
Modern systems are more reliable
Errors can be caught in end system
Most overhead for error control is stripped out

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

(ATM)

Evolution of frame relay

Little overhead for error control
Fixed packet (called cell) length
Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
Constant data rate using packet switching
technique

Local Area Networks

Smaller scope
Building or small campus

Usually owned by same organization as

attached devices
Data rates much higher
Usually broadcast systems
Now some switched systems and ATM are
being introduced

Protocols
Used for communications between entities
in a system
Must speak the same language
Entities
User applications, e-mail facilities, terminals

Systems
Computer, Terminal. Remote sensor

Key Elements of a Protocol

Syntax
Data formats
Signal levels

Semantics
Control information
Error handling

Timing
Speed matching
Sequencing

Protocol Architecture
Task of communication broken up into modules
For example file transfer could use three
modules
File transfer application
Communication service module
Network access module

Simplified
File Transfer Architecture

A Three Layer Model

Network Access Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer

Network Access Layer

Exchange of data between the computer
and the network
Sending computer provides address of
destination
May invoke levels of service
Dependent on type of network used (LAN,
packet switched etc.)

Transport Layer
Reliable data exchange
Independent of network being used
Independent of application

Application Layer
Support for different user applications
e.g. e-mail, file transfer

Addressing Requirements
Two levels of addressing required
Each computer needs unique network address
Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer
needs a unique address within the computer
The service access point or SAP

Protocol Architectures and

Networks

Protocols
in Simplified Architecture

Protocol Data Units (PDU)

At each layer, protocols are used to
communicate
Control information is added to user data at
each layer
Transport layer may fragment user data
Each fragment has a transport header added
Destination SAP
Sequence number
Error detection code

This gives a transport protocol data unit

Network PDU
Adds network header
network address for destination computer
Facilities requests

Operation of
a Protocol Architecture

TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

Developed by the US Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency (DARPA) for its
packet switched network (ARPANET)
Used by the global Internet
Consist of :

Application layer
Host to host or transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
Physical layer

Physical Layer
Physical interface between data
transmission device (e.g. computer) and
transmission medium or network
Characteristics of transmission medium
Signal levels
Data rates
etc.

Network Access Layer

Exchange of data between end system
and network
Destination address provision
Invoking services like priority

Internet Layer (IP)

Systems may be attached to different networks
Routing functions across multiple networks
Implemented in end systems and routers

Transport Layer (TCP)

Reliable delivery of data
Ordering of delivery

Application Layer
Support for user applications
e.g. http, SMPT

TCP/IP
Protocol Architecture Model

OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection
Developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Seven layers
A theoretical system delivered too late!
TCP/IP is the de facto standard

OSI Layers

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

OSI v TCP/IP

Standards
Required to allow for interoperability
between equipment
Advantages
Ensures a large market for equipment and
software
Allows products from different vendors to
communicate

Disadvantages
Freeze technology
May be multiple standards for the same thing

Types of Standards
Formal standards
Developed by an industry or government
standards-making body

De-facto standards
Emerge in the marketplace and widely used
Lack official backing by a standards-making
body

Copyright 2007 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.

1 - 44

Standardization Processes
Specification
Developing the nomenclature and identifying
the problems to be addressed

Identification of choices
Identifying solutions to the problems and
choose the optimum solution

Acceptance
Defining the solution, getting it recognized by
industry so that a uniform solution is accepted

Zulhelman

1 - 45

Major Standards Bodies

ISO (International Organization for
Standardization)
Technical recommendations for data communication
interfaces
Composed of each countrys national standards orgs.
Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union

Telecom Group
Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph
and data communications interfaces
Composed of representatives from each country in UN
Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)
Zulhelman

1 - 46

Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Coordinating organization for US (not a standardsmaking body)
www.ansi.org

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers)
Professional society; also develops mostly LAN
standards
standards.ieee.org

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

Develops Internet standards
No official membership (anyone welcome)
www.ietf.org
1 - 47

Some Data Comm. Standards

Layer
5. Application layer
4. Transport layer
3. Network layer
2. Data link layer
1. Physical layer

Common Standards
HTTP, HTML (Web)
MPEG, H.323 (audio/video)
IMAP, POP (e-mail)
TCP (Internet)
SPX (Novell LANs)
IP (Internet)
IPX (Novell LANs)
Ethernet (LAN)
Frame Relay (WAN)
PPP (dial-up via modem for
RS-232c cable (LAN)
MAN)
Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)
V.92 (56 kbps modem)
1 - 48

Emerging Trends in Networking

Pervasive Networking
Integration of Voice, Video and Data
Information Services

Zulhelman

1 - 49

Pervasive Networking
Means Networks will be everywhere
Exponential growth of Network use
Many new types of devices will have
network capability
Exponential growth of data rates for all
kinds of networking
Broadband communications
Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)

Zulhelman

1 - 50

Integration of
Voice, Video & Data
Also called Convergence
Networks that were previously transmitted using
separate networks will merge into a single, high
speed, multimedia network in the near future
First step largely complete
Integration of voice and data

Next step
Video merging with voice and data
Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required
for video

Zulhelman

1 - 51

Information Services
World Wide Web based
Many new types of information services becoming
available
Services that help ensure quality of information
received over www

Application Service Providers (ASPs)

Develop specific systems for companies such as
providing and operating a payroll system for a company
that does not have one of its own

Information Utilities (Future of ASPs)

Providing a wide range of info services (email, web,
payroll, etc.)

Zulhelman

1 - 52

Implications for Management

Embrace change and actively seek to use new aspects of
networks toward improving your organization
Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytime
Information accessed by customers and competitors globally

Use a set of industry standard technologies

Can easily mix and match equipment from different vendors
Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologies
Smaller cost by using a few well known standards

Zulhelman

1 - 53

Network Applications
The network applications environment
consists of several important components:

Application programs
Operating systems
Data communication systems
Database management systems

The application environment is illustrated

in Figure 1-10

Online System Requirements

Response Time
Throughput
Consistency
Flexibility
Availability
Reliability
Mean time between failure (MTBF)
Mean time to repair (MTTR)
Fault Tolerance

Recovery
Security

Business Data Communication

Applications
Major data communication applications
include:

E-mail
Groupware
Knowledge management systems
E-commerce and e-business applications
Wireless applications

Groupware Applications
Group calendar
systems
Electronic filing
cabinets
Project
management
software
Group support
systems

Electronic meeting
and
videoconferencing
systems
Document
management
systems (image
processing
systems)

Other Data Communication

Applications
Batch applications
Data entry
applications
Distributed
applications
Inquiry/response
applications

Interactive
applications
Sensor-based
applications
Combined
applications

Application Service Providers

Many businesses have turned to thirdparty services for some or all of their
business and data communications
applications
Application service providers (ASPs) are
third-party organizations that manage and
distribute software and services to other
companies over the Web
Many ASPs specialize in integrated ecommerce and e-business applications

Business Data Communications

Issues
Major data communications issues
include:

Cost-effectiveness
The Internet
Bandwidth
Evolving technologies
Convergence
Standards
Privacy and security

Business Data Communication

Careers
There are numerous job opportunities and
career paths for individuals interested in
data communications and networking
Table 1-6 includes examples of data
communication job titles
Table 1-7 summarizes some of the major
professional certifications for networking
and data communications specialists

Further Reading
Stallings, W. Data and Computer
Communications (6th edition), Prentice Hall 1999
chapter 1
Web site for Stallings book
www.shore.net/~ws/DCC6e.html

Web sites for IETF, IEEE, ITU-T, ISO

Internet Requests for Comment (RFCs)
Usenet News groups
comp.dcom.*
comp.protocols.tcp-ip