Tissues

Unit 1

Chapter 4

 groups of cells with common

role
4 basic types:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Unit 1

Tissues

 Cells close together continuous sheets

Cover surfaces & line cavities- always a
free surface =Apical surface
Basement membrane of connective
tissue
No blood vessels- avascular
Have a nerve supply

High capacity for cell division.

Unit 1

Epithelial Tissue

Categories- Table 4.1

Simple epithelium =
1 layer of cells

Stratified Epithelium=
more than 1 layer of cells
squamous, cuboidal, columnar,
transitional (change shape)

Unit 1

Cell Shapes =

Simple Epithelium

Squamous= single layer of flat

cells.
Important for filtration (kidneys) or
diffusion (lungs & capillaries)
Called endothelium when lining
heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
Called mesothelium when in
serous membranes

Unit 1

single layer of flat cells

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Simple Squamous
Epithelium

single layer of flat cells

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Simple Squamous
Epithelium

single layer of flat cells

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Simple Squamous
Epithelium

cube shaped cells, rounded nuclei

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

cube shaped cells, rounded nuclei

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

May be ciliated or non-ciliated

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

May be ciliated or non-ciliated

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

May be ciliated or non-ciliated

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

May be ciliated or non-ciliated

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

appears stratified: nuclei at

various levels

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Pseudostratified Columnar

appears stratified: nuclei at

various levels

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Pseudostratified Columnar

Stratified Squamous
Epithelium

Apical layer cells are flat

Deep layers vary from cuboidal to
columnar
Cells in the basal layer divide and
move upward toward apical surface
Found in areas of surface wear &
tear

Unit 1

Table 4.1f figure 1

Table 4.1f figure 2

rare

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Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium

rare

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Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium

rare

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Stratified Columnar
Epithelium

rare

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Stratified Columnar
Epithelium

variable in appearancecells can

stretch

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Transitional Epithelium

variable in appearancecells can

stretch

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Transitional Epithelium

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Glandular EpitheliumEndocrine

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Glandular EpitheliumEndocrine

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Glandular EpitheliumEndocrine

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Glandular EpitheliumEndocrine

Connective Tissue

Found between other tissues

Classified using matrix

characteristics

Unit 1

Most abundant tissue type

small cells far apart
large amount of extracellular
material (matrix)
Often good blood supply

Connective Tissue Cells

vary with tissue type

Fibroblasts- present in several tissues

secrete fibers & ground substance

Macrophages- from monocytes

Plasma cells- develop from B

lymphocytes
Make antibodies

Unit 1

Engulf bacteria & cell debris by

phagocytosis

Connective Tissue Cells

Mast cells- near blood cells

part of reaction to injuryhistamine

Store triglycerides (fat)

Unit 1

Adipocytes= fat cells or adipose

cells

Extracellular Matrix

Fluid, gel or solid plus protein fibers

Ground substance-between cells and fibers
Fibers- 3 types
Collagen fibers: very strong & flexible
Elastic fibers: smaller stretch and return to
original length
Reticular fibers: provide support & strength
found in basement membranes & organ support

Unit 1

Figure 4.2

Loose Connective Tissue

Unit 1

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Table 4.2a figure 1

Table 4.2a figure 2

Table 4.2b figure 1

Table 4.2b figure 2

Table 4.2c figure 1

Table 4.2c figure 2

Classification

Dense Connective tissue

Unit 1

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic

Table 4.2d figure 1

Table 4.2d figure 2

Table 4.2e figure 1

Table 4.2e figure 2

Table 4.2f figure 1

Table 4.2f figure 2

Cartilage

Dense network of collagen & elastic

fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
stronger than dense fibrous
Cells = chondrocytes
Occur singly or in groups
Found in spaces called lacunae
Surrounded by perichondrium
No blood vessels or nerves

Unit 1

 3 types
Hyaline- fibers not easily visible
Fibrocartilage- fibers visible
Strongest type. E.g. in vertebral
discs
Elastic- chondrocytes in
threadlike network e.g. ear
cartilage

Unit 1

Classification - Cartilage

Table 4.2g figure 1

Table 4.2g figure 2

Table 4.2h figure 1

Table 4.2h figure 2

Table 4.2i figure 1

Table 4.2i figure 2

Bone = Osseous Tissue

Unit 1

More dense matrix includes

Calcium & phosphorus salts
Details in Chapter 6

Liquid Connective Tissue

Blood- matrix = plasma

More in chapter 14

Lymph- matrix like blood but

with less protein

Unit 1

More in chapter 17

Muscular Tissue

large, elongated cells

contractile cells
Skeletal muscle tissue -named
for location
Cardiac muscle tissue- forms wall
of heart
Smooth muscle tissue found in
walls of hollow organs

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 Nerve cells & neuroglia

Neurons- convert stimuli into
nerve impulses and conduct them
Neuroglia do not generate
nerve impulses.
Serve supportive functions

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Neural Tissue

Body Membranes

4 types of body (not cell) membranes

Mucous Membranes line body
cavities opening to exterior
Secrete mucus

Secrete serous fluid

Synovial Membranes- line cavities

of some joints.
Secrete synovial fluid

Unit 1

Serous Membranes- surround

moving organs

Tissue Repair

New cells from stroma or parenchyma

Epithelial cells originate from stem cells
in defined areas of tissue layer
Bone regenerates readily, cartilage poorly
Muscular tissue can replace cells but
slowly
Nerve tissue is poorest at replacement
although some stem cells seem to be
available.
Replacement from stroma > scar tissue
& functional loss.

Unit 1