Toxic Effects
Carcinogenicity - Carcinogen- Any
chemical or process involving chemicals
that induces neoplasms that are not usually
observed, the earlier induction of
neoplasms
than are commonly observed, and/or the
induction of more neoplasms than are
usually found
Toxic Effects
Mutagenicity- Mutagen- Mutations are
heritable changes produced in the genetic
information stored in the DNA of living
cells. Chemicals capable of causing such
changes-Mutagens., the process is known
as
Mutagenesis.
Toxic Effects
Teratogenicity-Teratogen- Teratogenesis
The production of defects in the
reproduction process resulting in either
reduced productivity due to fetal or
embryonic mortality or the birth of
offspring with physical, mental,
behavioral, or developmental defects.
Compounds causing such defects are
known as teratogens
Thalidomide
Introduced in 1956 as
sedative (sleeping pill) and to
reduce nausea and vomiting
during pregnancy
Withdrawn in 1961
Discovered to be a human teratogen
causing absence of limbs or limb
malformations in newborns
5000 to 7000 infants effected
Resulted in new drug testing rules
Recent Awareness
What is Cancer?
Cancer is the uncontrolled
multiplication of cells.
Benign cancerous cells are
contained in one place
Malignant cancerous have
spread to other areas
Radon US Map
35% (10-70%)
30% (25-40%)
10% (?)
3% (2-4%)
7% (1-13%)
4% (2-8%)
2% (<1-5%)
3% (2-4%)
1% (0.5-3%)
1% (<1-2%)
Adapted from Doll and Peto, 1981; Casarett and Doulls Toxicology, 5th Ed.
Tobacco
Rates per 100,000 and are age adjusted to the 1970 census population
60
Lung
Stomach
40
ColonandRectum
Prostate
20
Pancreas
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
30
Lung
Breast
20
Uterine
Stomach
10
Colon&Rectum
Ovarian
Pancreas
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Exposure Issues
Home environment
Current events
Workplace
School
Government Decisions
Global and local environment
Time of Exposure
During Fetal Development
Rapidly dividing cells
Infancy (soy formula?)
Childhood
Puberty
Occupational exposure
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Fiber
Radiation (EMF?)
Hormonal Carcinogenesis
Mixtures Multiple
Exposures
External factors
lifestyle habits (smoking, diet,
alcohol)
viruses, chemicals, radiation
Genetic Factors
Breast Cancer --Less 1 in 10 cases in women
with a genetic predisposition
Environmental factors?
Endocrine / Estrogenic
Pharmaceuticals
Steroidal estrogens (NTP & IRAC
lists as know human carcinogen)
Diethylstilbestrol
Chemicals
Pesticides dieldrin, atrazine
Plastic additives
bispenoal-A (BPA)
polyvinyl cloride (PVC)
Chemical Agents
Gasoline additives benzene
Solvents & degreasing agents
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs)
Cigarettes / tobacco products
Phthalates
PBDEs?
PCBs, DDT, DDE
154.7-193.7
194.5-206.5
207.8-214.0
214.8-236.9
*Deaths per 100,000 people, age adjusted to 2000 total U.S. population.
Data are grouped in quartiles and ranked from lowest to highest.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, CDC.
Incidenc
WA rank County
e/
nationally (high)
100,000
Breast
181.7
Lung
70.1
Melanom
a
37.6
Bladder
23.7
24th
female
8th male
Pend
Oreille
Cancer
Cancer can be caused by two different types of
chemical substances genotoxic carcinogens
and nongenotoxic carcinogens.
Genotoxic chemicals are believed to have no
threshold amount below which they will NOT
cause cancer.
Nongenotoxic carcinogens are believed to have a
safe threshold quantity.
(excess risk)
0.3802
m
0.0234
(dose, mg/kg-day) 16.27
Thank you