MO 141202
Kuliah 4: Deret
mahmud mustain
Materi Kuliah 4
Barisan dan Deret Tak Hingga:
barisan tak hingga,
deret tak hingga,
test konvergensi,
deret Taylor,
deret MacLaurin
Arithmetic
Sequences & Series
webtech.cherokee.k12.ga.us/sequoyahhs/math/11.2%20Arithmetic
%20Sequences%20&
%20Series.ppt
Arithmetic Sequence:
The difference between
consecutive terms is constant (or
the same).
The constant difference is also
known as the common difference
(d).
(Its also that number that you are
adding every time!)
How do I know if it is an
arithmetic series?
A series is the expression for the sum of
the terms of a sequence, not just what
is the next terms
Ex: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 . . .
Ex: 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18
-10,-6,-2,0,2,6,10,
-6--10=4
-2--6=4
0--2=2
2-0=2
6-2=4
10-6=4
Not arithmetic
(because the
differences are not
the same)
5,11,17,23,29,
11-5=6
17-11=6
23-17=6
29-23=6
Arithmetic
(common
difference is 6)
an=a1+(n-1)d
a8=a1+(8-1)(.25)
50=a1+(7)(.25)
50=a1+1.75
48.25=a1
* Now, use an=a1+(n-1)d to find the rule.
an=48.25+(n-1)(.25)
an=48.25+.25n-.25
an=48+.25n
an=a1+(n-1)d
an=-6+(n-1)(4) OR an=-10+4n
Arithmetic Series
The sum of the
terms in an
arithmetic
sequence
The formula to
find the sum of a
finite arithmetic
series is:
1st Term
Last
Term
a1 an
S n n
# of terms
20 28
S 25 25
Sn=-760
a1 an
S n n
20 (22 2n)
760 n
S 25 25(4) 100
20 (22 2n)
760 n
-1520=n(20+22-2n)
-1520=-2n2+42n
2n2-42n-1520=0
n2-21n-760=0
(n-40)(n+19)=0
n=40 or n=-19
Always choose the positive
solution!
Geometric Sequences
and Series
1, 2, 4, 8, 16 is an example of a
geometric sequence with first term 1
and each subsequent term is 2 times
the term preceding it.
The multiplier from each term to the
next is called the common ratio and
is usually denoted by r.
8 32 128
... 4
2 8
32
an a1r n 1
an a1r
In general
n 1
4 ( 3)
n 1
Geometric Series
A geometric series is the sum of the
terms of a geometric sequence .
In the fruit fly population model with a1
= 100 and r = 1.5, the total population
after four generations is a geometric
series:
a1 a2 a3 a4
a1 (1 r )
Sn
1 r
n
where
r 1 .
i
2
3
Example Find
i1
2184
6
1 3
1 1
2 1 ... 4
2 4
a1
.
S
1 r
3
Example Find
i 1 5
3
a1
Solution Here
5
3
r and
3
i
a1
3
3
5
1 r 1 3 2
i 1 5
5
so
Fourier Series
In mathematics, infinite series are
very important. They are used
extensively in calculators and
computers for evaluating values of
many functions.
The Fourier Series is really interesting,
as it uses many of the mathematical
techniques that you have learned
before, like graphs, integration,
differentiation, summation notation,
Fourier Series -
A Trigonometric Infinite
Series
In this lecture chapter we are also going to reexpress functions in terms of an infinite series.
However, instead of using a polynomial for our
infinite series, we are going to use the sum of
sine and cosine functions.
Fourier Series is used in the analysis of signals
in electronics. For example, the
Fast Fourier Transform, which talks about pulse
code modulation which is used when recording
digital music.
Example
We will see functions like the following,
which approximates a saw-tooth signal:
where
an and bn are the Fourier coefficients,
and
is the mean value, sometimes referred to as the dc level.
Dirichlet Conditions
Any periodic waveform of period p = 2L, can be
expressed in a Fourier series provided that
(a) it has a finite number of discontinuities within the
period 2L;
(b) it has a finite average value in the period 2L;
(c) it has a finite number of positive and negative
maxima and minima.
When these conditions, called the Dirichlet
conditions, are satisfied, the Fourier series for the
function f(t) exists.
Each of the examples in this chapter obey the
Dirichlet Conditions and so the Fourier Series exists.
AL-HAMDULILLAH