Lecture 10

Waterflood Surveillance-1

Dosen : Ir Andry halim, MM

STT MIGAS, Balikpapan
2006

Voidage Control

Design of Waterflood Project

Voidage Control
Voidage control involves monitoring injection and withdrawal
volumes to ensure the correct injection is added to the
reservoir and at the proper locations to maximize secondary
recovery

Reservoir Withdrawal s = Wp + NpBo

Where: Bo = Oil formation volume factor (RB/SlB)

Np = Oil production at stock tank conditions

Wp = Water production
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Design of Waterflood

Project

Voidage Control
If free gas exists &

is being produced:

Reservoir Withdrawal s = Wp + NpBo + Np(Rp - Rs)Bg

Where:

Bg = Gas formation volume factor

Rp
Rs

(RCF/SCF)
= Surface (produced) gas oil ratio
(SCF/SlBO)
= Solution gas oil ratio (SCF/SlBO)
4

Design of Waterflood Project

Voidage Control
Injection Withdrawal Ratio (IWR) - commonly used
for monitoring waterfloods

Monthly secondary recovery reports should always

contain calculated IWR for each pattern

reservoir by
withdrawals:
Calculated
dividing effective injection by

Effective Withdrawal Ratio =

Effective Injection

Reservoir Withdrawals

Design of Waterflood Project

Voidage Control
When injection equals withdrawals, IWR = 1.0
IWR will vary during the waterflood life
- During repressuring early in the life of waterflood, IWR
will be high because reservoir pressure is
low & withdrawals have not started increasing
- After fill-up is reached & waterflood is approaching
steady-state, IWR will decrease & approach 1.0
- If IWR drops to below 1.0, total fluid volume will begin
to decrease & corrective actions should be taken

Design of Waterflood Project

Voidage Data Sources

2 useful plots are average reservoir pressure
versus time and average reservoir pressure
cumulative oil

Note the pressure change in the late 1970s after a fore destroyed
injection facilities
lhe effect on reservoir repressuring was significant, but would have been
difficult to monitor without this average reservoir pressure curve

versus

field

Design of Waterflood Project

Pattern Voidage
Pattern allocation usually
uses a pattern allocation
factor calculated using
angle between injection
well & two adjacent offset
injection wells in
the pattern
For interior patterns, divide

this angle by 360o to obtain

factor
Factors are
sometimes
adjusted (weighted) for
reservoir pay volumes
8

Voidage Calculation

Example Problem 1.6-1

A small waterflood is producing 16,500 BOPD &
12,500 BWPD.
The water injection rate is 30,000
BWIPD. The producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while
reservoir solution GOR is 50 SCF/STBO. The
formation volume factors for oil and gas are 1.06
RB/STBO & 0.006 RB/SCF, respectively.
- Calculate the net reservoir voidage (RBPD):

Calculate the Injection Withdrawal Ratio:

Pattern Voidage Calculation

Example Problem 1.6-2

A mature 5-spot waterflood pattern has been under
waterflood for 15 years. The center well produces
127 BOPD and 550 BWPD with negligible
gas. The oil
formation volume factor is 1.14.
The 4 injection wells
have injection & allocation factors of:
Well No.
1
2
3
4

iW (BWIPD)

610
700
552
621

Calculate pattern voidage

Factor
0.250
0.265
0.220
0.271

& injection

withdrawal ratio

10

Voidage Calculation

Example Problem 1.6-1

A small waterflood is producing 16,500 BOPD &
12,500
The
BWPD. The water injection rate is 30,000 BWIPD.
producing GOR is 150 SCF/STBO while reservoir solution
GOR is 50 SCF/STBO. The formation volume factors for oil
and gas are 1.06 RB/STBO & 0.006 RB/SCF, respectively.
- Calculate the net reservoir voidage (RBPD):
Voidage = Wp + NpBo + Np (Rp Rs) Bg
= 12,500

+ 16,500x1.06 + 16,500

= 39,890

RBPD

- Calculate

the Injection Withdrawal

Eff. Withdrawal Ratio = Eff. Injection

(150-50) x .006

Ratio:
/ Res. Withdrawal

IWR = 30,000 / 39,890 = 0.75

11

Pattern Voidage Calculation

Example Problem 1.6-2

A mature 5-spot waterflood pattern has been under waterflood
for 15 years. The center well produces 127
BOPD and 550 BWPD with negligible gas.
The oil
formation volume factor is 1.14.
The 4 injection wells
have injection & allocation factors of:
Well No.
1
2
3
4

iW (BWIPD)

610
700
552
621

Calculate pattern voidage

Factor
0.250
0.265
0.220
0.271

& injection withdrawal ratio

Pattern Inj.= (610x.25)+(700x.265)+(552x.22)+(621x.271)=628 BWIPD

Withdrawals = (127x1.14) + 550 = 695 RBPD
Voidage = 628 695 = - 67 RBPD
IWR

= 628 / 695 = 0.903

12

Design of Waterflood Project

Voidage Mapping
Pattern Voidage Map
lo view graphically the pattern voidage across a field or
reservoir, a colored pattern map is sometimes used
Patterns are classified as over balanced, under
balanced, or balanced
withdrawal ratios

based on injection

Under Balanced
Over Balanced
Balanced
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Design of Waterflood Project

Voidage Mapping
Pattern Voidage Bubble Map
Useful pattern voidage tool
- Creates bubbles showing positive & negative voidage by patterns
- Positive & negative voidages have different colors
- Either diameter or area of bubble are proportional to
absolute

value of voidage or IWR

Under Balanced
Over Balanced
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Design of Waterflood Project

Step for Using Voidage Map

Set routine schedule for evaluating pattern voidage performance
Define optimum data needed & most effective graphical presentation
Establish baseline of pattern performance:
- What is typical for patterns in this reservoir?
- What is typical for each pattern through time?
Evaluate current pattern voidage data:

- Clues from general pattern voidage trends

- Relative magnitude of voidage anomalies
Identify anomalies
Determine if voidage anomalies are significant
Determine conclusions about pattern voidage:
- Is calculated pattern voidage valid?
- Has it been occurring for some time?
- Is it significant?
- What are possible root causes?
Identify wells which may be contributing to pattern voidage anomaly
Identify options
Ch 6 - 115

Voidage Mapping

Example Problem 1.6-3

Given following Pattern
can you conclude?

Voidage Map, what

Under Balanced
Over Balanced
Balanced
16

Voidage Mapping

Example Problem 1.6-4

Given following Pattern
can you conclude?

Voidage Map, what

Under Balanced
Over Balanced
Balanced
17

Voidage Mapping

Example Problem 1.6-5

Given following Pattern Voidage
what can you conclude?

Bubble Map,

Under Balanced
Over Balanced

18

Voidage Mapping

Example Problem 1.6-6

Given following Pattern Voidage
what can you conclude?

Bubble Map,

Under Balanced
Over Balanced

19