BASIC

EMBRYOLOGY
PART I
Basic Embryology
PART I

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Embryology
Embryology

study of the
development of single individual
Prenatal period

origin

Embryonic period first 8 weeks (56 days)

Fetal period remaining 30 weeks (210 days)

and

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Development of embryology
Aristotle, B.C 384-322
Semen+menstration
Harvey, 1651:
All life from oocyte
Malpighi, 1675:
A micro-chicken in an egg
Leewenhoek, 1677 :
A micro-human in a sperm
Haeckel, 1868
Biogenetic law
Spemann, 1869-1941
Experimental embryology

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Embryonic Period

Figure 3.1 (1 of 2)

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Fetal Period

Figure 3.1 (2 of 2)

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The Basic Body Plan

Skin

dermis and epidermis

Outer body wall trunk muscles, ribs, vertebrae
Body cavity and digestive tube (inner tube)
Kidneys and gonads deep to body wall
Limbs

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The Basic Body Plan

Figure 3.2

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The Embryonic Period

Week

1 from zygote to blastocyst

Conception in lateral third of uterine tube

Zygote

(fertilized oocyte) moves toward the uterus

Blastomeres daughter cells formed from zygote

Morula solid cluster of 1216 blastomeres

Mulberry

Blastocyst fluid-filled structure ~ 60 cells

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The Embryonic Period

Stages

of first week

Zygote
4-cell
Morula
Early blastocyst
Late blastocyst (implants at this stage)

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Fertilization & Its process

Sperm bind to sperm receptor ZP-3 induce
Acrosome reaction release of acrosomal enzyme
Penetration
and
release of acrosomal
nucleus acrosome enzyme

Cell membrane
of ovum

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ovum
fertilized ovum
sperm

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Zona reaction: Cortical granulesperivitelline

space degrade ZP-3, alteration of zona pellucida
barrier for sperm penetration

The

second meiotic division

of the secondary oocyte is
rapidly lifted and the second
polar body is released,
leaving a haploid female
nucleus.

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Contac of sperm and ovum

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Sperm penetrate into the ovum

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Formation & Fusion of Male and

Female Pronuclei

Fertilization and the Events of the

First 6 Days of Development

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Figure 3.3

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Process of fertilization

Fusion of the
membrane of
sperm and ovum

The nucleus

Formation of
pronuclei

of sperm
penetrate into
ovum

Alteration of ovum

Fusion of
pronuclei

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Week 2 The Two-Layered

Embryo
Bilaminar

embryonic disc inner cell mass

divided into two sheets

Epiblast and the hypoblast

Together

they make up the bilaminar embryonic disc

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Week 2 The Two-Layered

Embryo
Amniotic

sac formed by an extension of epiblast

Outer membrane forms the amnion

Inner membrane forms the amniotic sac cavity
Filled

with amniotic fluid

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Week 2 The Two-Layered

Embryo
Yolk

sac formed by an extension of hypoblast

Digestive tube forms from yolk sac

NOT a major source of nutrients for embryo
Tissues around yolk sac
Gives

rise to earliest blood cells and blood vessels

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Implantation of the Blastocyst

Figure 3.4 (1 of 3)

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Implantation of the Blastocyst

Figure 3.4 (2 of 3)

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Implantation of the Blastocyst

Figure 3.4 (3 of 3)

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Week 3 The Three-Layered

Embryo
Primitive

streak raised groove on the dorsal

surface of the epiblast
Gastrulation a process of invagination of
epiblast cells

Begins at the primitive streak

Forms the three primary germ layers

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Week 3 The Three-Layered

Embryo
Three

Germ Layers*

Endoderm formed from migrating cells that

replace the hypoblast
Mesoderm formed between epiblast and endoderm
Ectoderm formed from epiblast cells that stay on
dorsal surface
*All layers derive from epiblast cells!

The Primitive Streak

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Figure 3.5eh

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The Notochord
Primitive

node a swelling at one end of

primitive streak

Notochord
endoderm

Notochord

forms

from

primitive

defines body axis

Is the site of the future vertebral column

Appears on day 16

node

and

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Formation of the Mesoderm and Notochord

Figure 3.6

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Neurulation
Neurulation

ectoderm starts forming brain and

spinal cord

Neural plate ectoderm in the dorsal midline

thickens
Neural groove ectoderm folds inward

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Neurulation
Neurulation
Neural

(continued)

tube a hollow tube pinches off into the

body
Cranial part of the neural tube becomes the
brain
Maternal folic acid deficiency causes neural
tube defects

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Neurulation
Neural

crest

Cells originate from ectodermal cells

Forms sensory nerve cells

Induction

Ability of one group of cells to influence

developmental direction of other cells

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The Mesoderm Begins to

Differentiate
Somites

our first body segments

Paraxial mesoderm

Intermediate

mesoderm begins as a continuous

strip of tissue just lateral to the paraxial mesoderm

The Mesoderm Begins to

Differentiate
Lateral

plate most lateral part of the mesoderm

Coelom becomes serous body cavities

Somatic

mesoderm apposed to the ectoderm

Splanchnic mesoderm apposed to the endoderm

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THANK YOU ALL FOR

ATTENDING THIS LECTURE

Basic Embryology
PART II & III
WILL BE COMING SHORTLY
BY NEXT LECTURE IN SHAA
ALLAH.