Structure II

Spring 2016
Pertemuan I: 21 Februari 2016
Modul 1 : Sentences and Clauses
Modul 2: Conjunctions (Unit 1)
Muhammad Prisla Kamil

Universitas Terbuka
Korea Selatan

MODUL 1 : SENTENCES AND

CLAUSES

Unit 1 : Clauses
Clause [noun; countable] : kelompok kata
yang saling berhubungan yang memiliki
subjek dan predikat.

A. Independent Clauses
B. Dependent Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses

Unit 1 : Clauses
A. Independent Clauses

Independent Clause (main clause):

Kelompok kata yang saling
berhubungan yang mempunyai subjek
dan predikat dan dapat berdiri
sendiri sebagai kalimat yang lengkap
dan utuh.

Unit 1 : Clauses
A. Independent Clauses

Rudy is my son.
I know that boy.
English is an international language.
I have been to Singapore.
We visited Kuta beach last year.

Unit 1 : Clauses
B. Dependent Clauses
Dependent Clause (subordinate clause):
Anak kalimat, mempunyai subjek dan
predikat, tetapi tidak bisa berdiri sendiri
sebagai kalimat yang lengkap karena tidak
mengekspresikan pemikiran yang lengkap.
Menggunakan subordinate conjunctions:
who, that, whether, if, when, until, after,
although, because, since, whereas, before.

Unit 1 : Clauses
B. Dependent Clauses

That he is a banker.
If you go by bus or by train.
After you arrive in Bali.
Whereas Anita is diligent.
Why he cried.

Unit 1 : Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses
Dependent Clause, dapat berfungsi
sebagai
Kata benda (noun clause)
Kata sifat (adjective clause)
Kata keterangan (adverbial clause)

Unit 1 : Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses
1. Noun Clause
Dapat berfungsi sebagai:
. Subjek
. Objek kata kerja atau preposisi
. Pelengkap
Subordinate conjunction yang digunakan:
That, whether, if, what,....etc.

Unit 1 : Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses
1. Noun Clause as subject
How he gets the money is his own affair.
What they did does not concern me.
2. Noun Clause as transitive object (objek kata kerja)
I dont know where he lives.
It is true that plants need water in order to live.
3. Noun Clause as complement
My question is why you did not come last night.
My concern is how to pay the workers.
Karena sifatnya sebagai kata benda, noun clause bisa diganti dengan kata ganti it.

Unit 1 : Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses
2. Adjective Clause
Berfungsi sebagai:
Kata sifat (menerangkan kata
benda)
Relative pronouns yang digunakan:
which,who, whom, whose....etc.

Unit 1 : Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses
2. Adjective Clause
The boy who/that gave me the book is
Mr.Anwars son.
The car that he drives is very
expensive.
He gave the money to the man who
had done the work.
Here is the book which/that describes
animals.

Unit 1 : Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses
3. Adverbial Clause
Berfungsi sebagai:
Kata kata keterangan (menjelaskan
kata kerja, kata keterangan, atau
seluruh kalimat)
Relative pronouns yang digunakan:
When, after, while, before, as soon
as....etc.

Unit 1 : Clauses
C. Types of Dependent Clauses
3. Adverbial Clause
You may begin when you are ready.
While he was walking home, he saw
an accident.
After she finished dinner, she went
to bed.
They sat down wherever they could
find empty seats.

Unit 2 : Sentences
Sentence [noun; countable] : kelompok
kata yang yang memiliki subjek, predikat,
dan mengekspresikan suatu informasi yang
utuh.

A. Classification by Types
B. Classification by the Number of Full
Predicates

Unit 2 : Sentences
A. Classification by Types
1.
.
.
.

Declarative sentences (statement)

Carol is happy.
The child ate dinner.
I have just bought the books.

Unit 2 : Sentences
A. Classification by Types
2.

Interrogative sentences (questions)

Did the child eat his dinner?
Is it your dictionary?
Are you Surya?

Unit 2 : Sentences
A. Classification by Types
3. Imperative sentences (commands
and request)
Stop that bus!
Be quite, please!
Help!

Unit 2 : Sentences
A. Classification by Types
4.

Exclamation sentences (exclamation)

What a good dinner that was!
What beautiful hair she has!
How beautiful she is!
How far his house is!

What + countable/uncountable noun

How + adjective or adverb

Unit 2 : Sentences
B. Classification by the Number of Full Predicates

1. Simple sentence (1 independent

clause)
. Tedi bought a house.
. Ratih is happy.
. Ratih and Rita swim everyday.
(compund subject)
. I like to swim and hike everyday.
(compound predicate)

Unit 2 : Sentences
B. Classification by the Number of Full Predicates
2. Compound sentence (2 or more independent clauses)
a) The rain fell, and the wind blew.
b) I want to attend school, but my family needs me.
c) He was tired, so he went to bed.
d) The players tried their best to win; however, I do not
expect them to win.
e) Mr. Sujudi is the richest man in his town; moreover, he
is very generous.
a) to c) : main clause + coordinate conjuction + main clause
d) to e) : main clause + transition (; linking word,) + main clause

Unit 2 : Sentences
B. Classification by the Number of Full Predicates

3. Complex sentence
(1 independent + 1 or more dependent
clauses)
You should lock the doors before you
leave the house.
Although John is a good athlete, he does
not spend too much time in sports.
Since that happend a long time ago, I
would not hold it again.

Unit 2 : Sentences
B. Classification by the Number of Full Predicates

4. Compound complex sentence

(2 or more independent + 1 or more
dependent clauses)
Although the farmers always work long
hours, they seem to enjoy their work, and
they usually have a long time rest during the
dry season.
Some people fell on other people, and some
people landed on the floor when the bos
stopped abruptly.

MODUL 2: CONJUNCTIONS (UNIT

1)

Conjunctions
Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions
Unit 2 Subordinate Conjunctions
Unit 3 Correlative Conjunctions

Unit 1 Coordinate
Conjunctions
A.Structural Unit Joined by
Coordinate Conjunctions
(words / phrase / clause / sentence)
B. Functional Unit Joined by
Coordinate Conjunctions
(subject / predicate / object /
complement)

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

A. Structural Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

and
but
or
yet
so
for

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

A. Structural Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Anton and Tony. [nouns]

Wind, earth, or fire. [nouns]
Slipped and fell. [verbs]
Listen, write, or read. [verbs]
Tall and slim. [adjectives]
Stupid but pretty. [adjectives]
Slowly and carefully. [adverbs]
Late or early. [adverbs]

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

A. Structural Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Joining Words
Anton and Tony fought each other.
Is she laughing or crying?
That blond girl is pretty, sexy, but
stupid.
The thief moved quickly and quitely.

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

A. Structural Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Joining Phrases
My mother, my eldest sister, and my little
brother look alike.
Is he typing his English report or playing
games on the computer?
He spends his free time to play the piano,
compose music, and writing poetry.
Is Juno here on vacation or on business?

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

A. Structural Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Joining Clauses
I dont know when he left town, or
why he wanted to do so.
I will go with you after I have finished
my work, or after I have my lunch.
Nothing will change if you tell him
now and then leave or if you just
leave without telling him anything.

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

B. Functional Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Compound subjects
Amir and Maruli are from North
Sumatra.
The name of my son and the name of
her son are the same.
Bread and butter is fattening.
The restaurants chef and owner
makes good chicken soups.

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

B. Functional Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Compound subjects
Mr. Amir or his wife is mistaken.
Galih or Tia fails the test.
The players or the referee is mistaken.
The referee or the players are mistaken.
The teacher or the students receive the
award.
The students or the teacher receives the
award.

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

B. Functional Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Compound predicates
They cook, eat, and sleep in the
same room.
They read and write in English.
He took a bath, dressed up, and went
to school.

Unit 1 Coordinate Conjunctions

B. Functional Unit Joined by Coordinate Conjunctions

Compound objects
He bought a pen and a pencil.
Mr. Agus went to Japan with his wife
and his children.
He said he was tired and he was
going to bed.