BY
ROUTHU SATYANARAYANA
CHIEF ENGINEER (Retired.)
FORMER ADVISOR, GOVERNMENT OF A.P
Communications-Bridges
Definition:
Bridge: A Structure having a total length above 6m between the
inner faces of the dirt walls for carrying traffic or other moving
loads over a depression, a obstruction such as a channel, road or
a railway.
Minor Bridges: A bridge having a total length of 60m.
Major bridges: A bridge having a total length more than 60m.
Culvert:
A structure having a total length less than 6m between
the inner faces of the dirt walls.
Foot bridge:
A bridge exclusively used to carry pedestrians,
cycles and animals. width shall not be less than 1500mm.
Submersible bridge:
A submersible bridge or vented causeway is
a bridge designed to be overtopping during floods.
Communications-Bridges
Width of footway:
The minimum clear width any where within a height
of 225mm above the surface the footway or safety kerb. Normally 1.5 m
from outer rounding of kerb to inner fce of the parapet/railing.
Safety Kerb:
A road way for usage of pedestrians. High Level Bridge: A
bridge which carries the road way above the HFL of a channel.
Super elevation:
Transverse inclination given to the cross section of a
carriageway on a horizontal curve in order to reduce the effect of
centrifugal force on a moving vehicle.
Communications-Bridges
Submersible bridges and vented Causeways:
collapsible or removable.
Crash Barriers:
Suitable designed crash barriers provided to safe
guard against errant vehicles. Metal or RCC.
Multilane bridges and bridges on a urban area
Flyover and interchanges
ROBs across railway line
Open sea, breakwaters, deep valleys
Types:
Vehicle cross barriers.
Combination Railway/Vehicle Pedestrian Crash Barriers
High Containment Barriers
Communications-Bridges
Approaches to bridge
Minimum straight length of 15m on either side and width equal to
the carriage width.
Bearings:
Expansion Joints
Foundations:
Communications-Bridges
Basic Data:
Site plan with contours showing the flow direction of the canal, road
way angle (direction of skew if any), and the approach of the road for
200m on either side.
LS of the canal and the road for at least 250 m on either side of
crossing.
Cross sections of the canal and the road duly marking, Levels, such
as BL, FSL, TBL, GL, road crust level etc.,
Communications-Bridges
Design Criteria:
Hydraulic design of
i.
ii.
Structural Design.
i.
Super structure
ii.
Sub structure
Communications-Bridges
Design Criteria:
Hydraulic design of
Design of vent way
Bridge crust level
Afflux by Molesworths formula (max.50mm).
Check for Scour
Structural Design:
Super structure
Substructure.
Bridges-Hydrology
Hydrology of the stream or drain:
Table-1
Category
Canal Discharge
Flood Frequency
in cumecs
Stream Discharge
in cumecs
A 0.0 - 0.5
All discharges
B 0.5 15
0 150 1 in 50 years
Above 150 1 in 100 years
C 15 30 0 100 1 in 50 years
Above 150 1 in 100 yeas
D Above 30
0 - 150
Above 150 Detailed study
1 in 25 years
1 in 100 years
Communications-Bridges
Hydrology of the Drain/Stream: Detailed study in the case of drain
discharge > 150 cumecs and canal discharge > 30 cumecs.
S.No.
Type of Canal
M in Sq. Miles
Up land Areas
Deltaic Tracts
1. Main Canal
Dickenss formula,
Rye's formula
Q = CM 3/4 Q = CM 2/3
C=1400 for CA<1.00
C=1000
C=1200 for CA=1 to 30
Velocity shall not exceed 10 ft/sec
C=1060 for CA=30 to 500
Q=7000 M1/2 for CA>500
Velocity in the barrel up to
12 to13 ft/sec
2. Branch Canal
Q=CM 2/3
Q > 500 c/s
C=1000 and Velocity<10/sec
same as upland
area
3. Distributaries
Q < 500 c/s
Q = CM 2/3
same as upland area
C=750 and Velocity< 10/sec
Bridges-Hydrology
Category
A
years
B
years
Canal Discharge
Flood Frequency
in cumecs
in cumecs
Stream Discharge
0.0 - 0.5
All discharges
1 in 25
0.5 15
0 150
1 in 50
15 30
D
years
Above 30
Above 150
0 100
Above 150
0 - 150
1 in 100 years
1 in 50 years
1 in 100 yeas
1 in 100
Above 150
Detailed study
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Linear Waterway:
Width of the water way between the extreme edges
of water surface at the highest flood level measured at right angle
to the abutment faces.
Layces wetted perimeter (Pw) in meters using the formula
Pw = C(Q)1/2
Where C = a coefficient, a value 4.8 (4.5-6.3)and
Q is the flood discharge in cumecs
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Vertical Clearance:
S. No.
Designed flood in Cumecs
Clearance in mm
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
< 0.3
150
Between 0. 3 and 3.0
Between 3.0 and 30
Between 30 and 300
Between 300 and 3000
> 3000 1500
Minimum Vertical
450
600
900
1200
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Vertical Clearance:
No part of the bearings shall be at a height less than 500mm
Vertical clearance above the roadway in any traffic lane up to
the lowest point 5.5
Free board:
It shall not be less than 750mm for approaches to high level
bridges.
Scour Depth:
Mean scour depth is the depth (dm) below HFL or FSL in m
d = 1.34[q2 /f]1/3
Where, q = Discharge per meter width with or without
concentration of flow in cumecs,
f = Layces silt factor expressed as f = 1.76 (d m )1/2
dm = average grain size
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Bed material
Value of silt
Coarse silt
Fine silt
Fine silt
Fine silt
Medium silt
Standard silt
Medium sand
Coarse sand
Fine bajira & sand
Heavy sand
0.040
0.081
0.120
0.158
factor- f
0.350
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.233
0.323
0.505
0.725
0.988
1.290 -2.00
0.850
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000 2.42
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Bridges-Hydraulic design
Well foundation:
Maximum scour depth plus a 1/3 grip length
In rock a minimum shear key:
Loading Classification
For Class A or Class B Loading for spans (L) in m between 3m and 45m
For RCC bridges = 4.5/(6+L)
For Steel bridges + 9.00/(13.5+L)
For Class AA Loading and Class 70R Loading
Spans < 9m
Tracked Vehicle: 25% for spans up to 5m linearly reducing to 10% for spans 9m
Wheeled vehicles: 25%
bottom
Pressure on the portion of the structure > 3m below bed block - Zero
i.
V
80
91
100
107
113
118
128
136
142
P
40
52
63
73
82
91
107
119
130
H
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
P
147
155
162
168
173
177
180
183
186
V
141
157
171
183
193
202
210
217
224
Wind Load:
The lateral wind force against any exposed moving live load as acting 1.5m above road way and shall be
assumed to have the following value.
a. Highway bridges , ordinary : 300 Kgs/linear meter
b. Highway bridge carrying tramway: 450 Kgs/linear meter
The bridge no carrying any live load when the wind velocity at deck level exceeds 130 Kms per hour.
The total assumed wind forces as calculated in accordance above cl.1 to 4, shall however , not less than 450
Kg per linear meter in plane of the load chord and 225 Kg per liner meter in the plane of unloaded chord on
through or half through truss, lattice or other similar spans, and not les than 450 Kg per linear meter on
deck slab.
A wind pressure f 240 Kg/Sqm on the unloaded structure, applied as specified in cl1, 2, shall be used if it
produces greater stresses than those produced by the combined wind forces as peer cl. 1, 2,4 or by the wind
force as per cl.5
On piers parallel to the direction of the water current, the intensity of pressure shall
be as follows:
P = 52 KV2
Where
P= Intensity of pressure due to water currents in kg/m
V= Velocity of the current at the point in m/s (Maximum velocity)
K= a constant depending on shapes of pier as under
Square ended ; 1.5
circular pier or with semi circular ends:0.66
Triangular cut and ease waters:0.50
The value of V2 assumed to vary linearly from zero at the point of deepest scour to the
square of the maximum velocity at the free surface of water.
Maximum velocity = 1.414 times he maximum mean velocity
Longitudinal Forces:
Plate bearings up to 15m span for RCC or Pre stressed super structure. :
Centrifugal Forces:
Buoyancy:
For full Buoyancy a reduction is made in the gross weight of the member:
Member displaces water only in shallow foundations, the reduction in weight
equal to the volume of displaced water.
Member under consideration displaces water and also silt and sand (deep
piers and abutment), the upward pressure causing the reduction in weight
shall be
a. Full hydrostatic pressure due to a depth of water equal to the difference
in level between the free surface and the foundation
b. Upward pressure due to the submerged weight of the silt or sand in
accordance with Rankin's theory.
In design of submerged masonry or concrete , the buoyancy through pore
pressure may be limited to 15% of full buoyancy.
In case of submerged bridgeless, the full buoyancy of super structure be
considered.
Earth Pressure:
Approach slab:
Temperature:
Seismic Forces:
I
0.01
II
0.02
0.04
III
0.05
IV
0.08
Super structure:
Sub structure:
Piers:
Minimum thickness 1000mm
All abutments and return walls shall be designed adopting
coulombs/Rankins theory, with top width 500mm.
All abutments and return walls shall be designed for a live load
surcharge equivalent to 1.2m earth fill.
Approach slab:
RCC approach slab with 12mm dia. 150mm c/c in each direction
both at top and bottom as reinforcement in concrete grade in
M30 for the entire width of road way for a length not less than
3.5m.
Miscellaneous Items:
RCC Kerbs
Railing:
Expansion, contraction, construction Joints
Drainage spouts
Wearing coat
Pedestals & Drainage arrangements
Bearings
Dirt Walls
Guide posts
Weep holes
RCC : M20
RCC for Deck slab and Girders: M25
CC: M15
Leveling course: M10
Bridges Foundations
Factor of safety:
2.5.
6 to8
Permissible Tension:
No tension on soils
In rock the base area to be reduced to a size where no tension will occur such reduced area not < 67%
i.
ii.
iii.
Against overturning
Against sliding
Against deep-seated failure
with Seismic
1.5
1.25
1.15
Bridges Foundations
Well Foundations:
Minimum dimension
: 2m
Circular well exceeds 12m Twin D- shaped may be adopted.
Steining Thickness:
If depth of well is >30m the thickness may be reduced above scour level in slope 1H: 3V.
Concrete Grade:
Plain cc wells M15 and in sever exposed conditions no < M20, cement not<310 Kg/cum and w/c not >0.45
Plain cc wells, vertical reinforcement not <0.12% of gross sectional area and tied up with hoop steel not < 0.04%
In case of RCC, Vertical steel not < 0.2%. On the inner face not < 0.06% and transverse reinforcement < 0.04% of the volume per unit
length of the seining.
In variably in RCC grade not < M25 with minimum steel 72 Kg. per cum.
The internal angle 300 to 370
In case of blasting anticipated steel plate of thickness not < 10mm up to top of well curb.
Bottom Plug:
Bridges Foundations
Well Foundations:
Cutting edge: In mild steel not < 40 Kg. per cum.
Well Curb:
In variably in RCC grade not < M25 with minimum steel 72 Kg. per cum.
The internal angle 300 to 370
In case of blasting anticipated steel plate of thickness not < 10mm up to top of well curb.
Bottom Plug:
Top shall be 300mm above top of kerb with suitable sump (shear Key) below the level of cutting
edge.
CC with minimum cement 330 Kg. per cum. Increase cement for Tremie concrete.
Filling of well:
Well Cap:
THANK YOU