Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 12: The Momentum and

Mechanical
Energy Equations

Thermo-fluid Engineering (MEC 2920)

Viscosity

For Newtonian fluids ;

is called the viscosity

expresses its resistance
to shearing flows

Thermo-fluid Engineering (MEC 2920)

Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian

A fluid that behaves according to

Newton's law, with a
viscosity that is independent of
the stress, is said to
be Newtonian.
Gases,water and many common
liquids can be considered
Newtonian in ordinary conditions
and contexts.

There are many non-Newtonian

fluids that significantly deviate
from that law in some way or
other. For example:
Shear thickening liquids, whose
viscosity increases with the rate of
shear stress.
Shear thinning liquids, whose
viscosity decreases with the rate of
shear stress.
Bingham plastics that behave as a
solid at low stresses but flows as a
viscous fluid at high stresses

Thermo-fluid Engineering (MEC 2920)

Viscosity

Kinematic viscosity

Inviscid flow: we neglect viscosity effects i.e. =0

Incompressible Flow: density is considered constant

Steady flow : flow properties (density, pressure, temperature,

velocity ) do not change with time
Values of viscosity for several common gases and liquids are listed in
the tables in Appendix FM-1.

Thermo-fluid Engineering (MEC 2920)

Momentum Equation
For solids
Newtons second law of motion for solid particle

F=ma
=d(mV)/ dt ,
F
is the resultant force acting on the particle
a
is the acceleration
mV is linear momentum
the resultant force on the particle is equal to the time rate of change of
the particles momentum

Thermo-fluid Engineering (MEC 2920)

Momentum Equation
For fluids: Newtons second low

Thermo-fluid Engineering (MEC 2920)

Momentum Equation
At steady state, the total amount of momentum contained in the
control volume is constant with time.
Momentum equation

Thermo-fluid Engineering (MEC 2920)

Forces
Body and Surface Forces

Body forces like weight

Fnormal= p A,
p is the pressure
Ftangential = A, is the shear stress

Forces on a control
volume

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Streamlines
Streamlines are lines that are tangent to the velocity vector at any location in
the flow
For steady flow a streamline can be thought of as the path along which a fluid
particle moves when traveling from one location in the flow, point (1), to another
location, point (2).

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The Bernoulli Equation

When shear forces due to viscosity (friction) are negligible, Newtons
second law leads to (for incompressible flow)

p
z,
V2
p+ V2
p+ V2+ z

Static pressure (thermodynamic pressure)

hydrostatic pressure
dynamic pressure
Stagnation pressure
total pressure

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The Bernoulli Equation

Head form

elevation head

p/

pressure head

V2/ 2g

velocity head

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The Bernoulli Equation

Bernoulli equation between points (1) and (2)

p1 static pressure & p2 stagnation pressure

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The Bernoulli Equation

If the elevation difference between (2) and (3) is negligible

If the elevation difference between (1) and (4) is negligible

Connect (3) & (4) to manometer to

get the pressure difference
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The Bernoulli Equation

Free Jet
Vertical Tank

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Example
Water is flowing from a garden hose. A child places his
thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin
jet high speed water to emerge. The pressure in the hose
just upstream of his thumb is 400kPa. If the hose is held
upward, what is the maximum height that the jet could
achieve?

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Example

p1 - +h) = p2 - - SG h

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The Bernoulli Equation

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The Bernoulli Equation

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Mechanical Energy Equation

When It is Applied
In situations where the Bernoulli equation can not be applied, i.e. when
the flow is viscous and/or there is mechanical device such as a turbine, or
a pump within the flow passage.

Head loss (hL)

Accounts for the irreversible conversion of mechanical energy internal
energy due to friction.

pump adds head (or mechanical energy) to what was available at the inlet, whereas both a
turbine and friction reduce the amount of head (or mechanical energy) available at the outlet.
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Momentum and Mechanical Energy Equations

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Momentum and Mechanical Energy Equations

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Assign

Chapter 12 : 1

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