A PRESENTATION ON

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MODERN

BUILDINGS AND MECHANICAL
SERVICES!
BY

SAXENA

-KAMINI SINGH
-ANANT PRATAP SINGH
-VIDHU VAIBHAV
-KUSHAGRA

CLASSIFICATION OF MODERN
BUILDINGS
BASED ON OCCUPANCY:1)
GROUP A Residential
2)
GROUP B Educational
3)
GROUP C Institutional
4)
GROUP D Assembly
5)
GROUP E Business
6)
GROUP F Mercantile
7)
GROUP G Industrial
8)
GROUP H Storage
9)
GROUP I Hazardous

WATER REQUIREMENT FOR

DOMESTIC PURPOSE (URBAN)
HOUSEHOLD
ACTIVITY

AMOUNT OF WATER
PER HEAD PER DAY
(liters)

Bathing
Washing cloths

55
20

Flushing of W.C.
Washing the house

30
10

Washing of utensils
Cocking

10
5

Drinking

TOTAL

135

MODES OF WASTAGE OF
WATER

1.
2.
3.

WATER SYSTEM LOSSES: following losses occur in

water supply and distribution system:
LEKAGE FROM PIPELINE AND RESERVOIR.
EVOPORATION.
WASTAGE FROM TAPS.

FOR

Well maintained and fully metered system

-70%
of total consumption.
Unmetered water supply -50%of total consumption.

SANITATION SERVICES
DEF: Modern civilization has brought up better hyginic
and sanitary habits which need quick disposal of
wastes of all types. In the material consuming society
the waste of all kind shall be naturally very high and
need careful considerations during planning stage
itself.

THE WASTE MATERIAL MAY BE OF

FOLLOWING TYPES:

Human waste
Animal and vegetable waste
Waste due to natural calamities and seasonal changes.

IMPROPER METHODS OF
WASTAGE DISPOSAL, It includes:

Disposal of ACIDIC AND ALKALINE WASTES from

laboratories, hospitals.
Infected waste containing FLESH AND BLOOD from
hospitals, animal laboratories and slaughter houses.
SOLID AND SEMI SOLID ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
WASTE from hospital OTs, plaster rooms, soil science
labs etc.
GRESE, OIL FATS: from car service centers, garages
animal labs, kitchens, butcheries etc.
RADIOACTIVE WASTES: labs handling radioactive
materials, hospital nuclear power plants.
ALKALINE WASTES: laundries and process industries
etc.
PLAIN WATER WASTE: A/C system, cooling towers, U/G
tanks, water coolers etc.

LAND DISPOSAL METHOD:

IT CAN CREATE SEWAGE SICKNESS- i.e when
sewage is continuously applied to some land, the pores of
the soil get clogged preventing free circulation of air. This
retards the aerobic action of sewage and also stops
filtration of water, thus the land loses its purifying capacity
& is known as SEWAGE SICK LAND.

WATER DISPOSAL METHOD:

THE MAJOR PARTS OF THE URBAN POPULATION IN
INDIA IS LOCATED IN THE RIVER BANKS AND
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF THESE HAZARDOUS
WASTES ARE DISPOSED INTO THESE RIVERS AND
THUS POLLUTING THEM.. FOR E.G. YAMUNA
RIVER BANKS NEAR DELHI N.C.R.,
SABARMATI RIVER AT AHEMADABAD E.T.C.

Are you a possible victim of Sick

Building Syndrome!
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME SYMPTOMS

Burning and watering eyes and nose

Shortness of breath upon mild exertion (e.g. walking)
Hoarseness, cough, sore throat, muscle cramps & joint pain
Headaches,
Chronic fatigue.
Dry, itchy skin, Itchy pimples.
Exhaustion after normal activity.
Inability to concentrate, Dizziness.
Heart Palpitations.
Wellness When Away From Building.

WHY IS THIS HAPPENING ?

.

Not perceived, sick buildings harbour bad chemicals and

illness causing microbes.
Both arise by bad house keeping.
Use of improper methods / chemicals is trading one problem
for the other which could be much worse.

Biological Pollutants:

Microbes, dust mites, and other biologicals are carried by

animals and people into and throughout homes and
buildings.
High relative humidity, air conditioning (HVAC) systems
are sources of biological air pollutants.

WHAT IS THE SOLUTION ?

Adoption of the Green building concept.

Use of appropriate housekeeping methods
which involve
! Chemicals
! Implements
! Standard Operational Procedures

SICK BUILDING

BUILDING CHARACTER
1.
2.

COMFORT
ENERGY CONSERVATION
They are related and restricted to each other, In
general to improve indoor comfort will consume
more energy, BUT the ENERGY EFFICIENT
BUILDINGS will provide more comfort with low
energy.
In last 20 years energy saving measures have been
concieved, develouped and implemented in
building enveloup system and also there
associated environmental control systems such as
light, ventilation, heating and cooling system.

ACTIVE SYSTEM

Active systems are equipments which can adjust the

temperature, humidity, air flow, brightness and other
elements of indoor climate.
They may be old fireplaces or modern air
conditionings, old candles or modern electric bulbs.
Whatever, active systems need the external energy to
drive.
In the most occasions, the external energy is fossil
fuels.
Most of the active systems are independently
working and do not necessarily work with passive
systems.

PASSIVE SYSTEM

PASSIVE systems are building shells

systems using various potentials in the
environment such as SUN, WIND and others
to illuminate, heat, ventilate, and cool the
indoor climate.
Passive systems usually do not consume
energy, so they are the total energy efficient
systems.

Advantages of Passive House

Low primary energy consumption.

Simple concept.
Developed constructions and productions.

Shortcomings of Passive House

Difficult to obtain the highest indoor

comfort.
High costs for buildings.

The active systems need energy to drive.

Energy can be grouped into two kinds:

low valued energy

and high valued
energy.

LOW EXERGY SYSTEM

Exergy is a kind of energy that is
entirely convertible into other types
of energy .

High valued energy such as electricity and mechanical

workload consists of pure exergy.
Low valued energy has a limited convertibility potential, for
instance, heat close to room air temperature.
Low exergy heating and cooling systems allow the use of low
valued energy, which is delivered by sustainable energy
sources, for instance, by using heat pumps, solar collectors,
either separate or linked to waste heat, energy storage etc.
Common energy carriers like fossil fuels deliver high valued
energy.
Actually, what we talk about is saving exergy, not energy.

Advantages of LowEx systems

High indoor comfort compared with Passive House.

Energy efficiency.
Wide applicability.
Space efficiency.

Shortcomings of LowEx systems

Not more energy efficient than Passive House.

Complicated constructions.
High costs.

The approaches to go to
the ultimate energy
efficiency

1.

SOME ENERGY EFFICIENT

BUILDINGS
LEDeG Trainees Hostel, Leh

Project description :Hostel building for trainees in appropriate technology

Architect :Sanjay Prakash
Climate: Cold and sunny
Consultants :In-house
Project period :19941996
Size :300 m covered area in a small campus
Client/Owner :Ladakh Ecological Development Group)Builder/Contractor Ownermanaged construction
Design features: In Traditional materials and methods of construction have been
modified
and adapted to achieve energy efficiency .
Predominantly south exposure with no overhangs for maximum winter gains.
Entrance lobby designed as a solarium on the south side.
Bedrooms provided with various types of Trombe walls (half Trombe, unvented
Trombe, vented Trombe) or direct gain systems for passive heating.

LEDeG Trainees Hostel, Leh

Transport Corporation of India

Ltd, Gurgaon
Site address: No. 69, Sector 32,Institutional Sector, Gurgaon, Haryana

Architects: A B Lall Architects

Climate: Composite

Year of start/completion:1998/99

Client/owner: Transport Corporation of India Ltd

Total built-up area: 2750 m

Cost:
Infrastructure (electrical, plumbing, HVAC, lift, fuel oil tank, pumps and tube
wells) Rs 24 million
Civil, false ceiling, strong rooms, steel pergola at entrance Rs 30.7 million
Landscaping Rs 0.35 million

Design features:

Inward-looking compact form, with controlled exposure.

Two types of windows designed: peep windows for possible cross ventilationand
view, the other being for daylighting
The courts towards which the building has more transparency have structural
framework to provide support for shading screens
Landscaping acts as a climate modifier.
The window reveals of the peep window cut out summer sun and let in winter sun.
Polyurethane board insulation on wall and roof
Building systems designed so as to draw upon external environment to supplement
the air-conditioning system.
Air-conditioning standards set by acceptance level of office staff and not by
international norms.
Energy-efficient lighting system and daylight integration with controls.
An office building in the composite climate of Gurgaon with a climate- responsive
built-environment to take advantage of seasons and thereby facilitating reduction in
energy consumption.

Transport Corporation of India

Ltd, Gurgaon
An office building in the composite climate of Gurgaon with a
climate- responsive built-environment to take advantage of seasons
and thereby facilitating reduction in energy consumption.

WORLD TRADE CENTER

Height: 1,368 and 1,362 feet (417 and 415 meters)

Owners: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
(99 year leased signed in April 2001 to groups including
Westfield America and Silverstein Properties)
Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth and Sons
consulting
Engineer: John Skilling and Leslie Robertson of Worthington,
Skilling, Helle and Jackson
Ground Breaking: August 5, 1966
Opened: 1970-73; April 4, 1973 ribbon cutting
Destroyed: Terrorist attack, September 11, 2001

Why Did It Collapse?

The structural integrity of the World Trade Center depends on the

closely spaced columns around the perimeter.
Lightweight steel trusses span between the central elevator core and the perimeter
columns on each floor.
These trusses support the concrete slab of each floor and tie the perimeter columns
to the core, preventing the columns from buckling outwards.
It appears likely that the impact of the plane crash destroyed a significant number
of perimeter columns on several floors of the building, severely weakening the
entire system. Initially this was not enough to cause collapse.
However, as fire raged in the upper floors, due to large volumes of jet fuel, which
then ignited any combustible material in the building.
It was not hot enough to melt any of the steel, it just increasing deflections.
sprinkler systems, This gives occupants time to escape and allow fire fighters to
extinguish blazes, before the building is catastrophically damaged.
blaze, started by jet fuel, in a highly confined area, generated fire conditions
significantly more severe than those anticipated in a typical office fire.

the loss of strength and stiffness of the materials resulting from the
fire, combined with the initial impact damage, would have caused a
failure of the truss system supporting a floor, or the remaining
perimeter columns, or even the internal core.
Failure of the flooring system would have subsequently allowed the
perimeter columns to buckle outwards.
, it would have resulted in the complete collapse of at least one
complete storey at the level of impact.
Once one storey collapsed all floors above would have begun to fall.
The huge mass of falling structure would gain momentum, crushing
the structurally intact floors below,
resulting in catastrophic failure of the entire structure.
While the columns at say level 50 were designed to carry the static
load of 50 floors above, once one floor collapsed and the floors
above started to fall.

PLANE STRUCK AT MID

LEVEL OF THE BUILDING

THE COLLAPSED BUILDING

THANK YOU!