Health Care.
Topic
Objectives
At the end of this presentation
learner will be able to :
1)
2)
3)
4)
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6) How can we apply libertarian theory of
justice.
7) Describe the John Rawls theory of justice
or fair opportunity .
8) Application of John Rawls theory of justice
and Objections
9) Summary
10)References
What is Justice
Justice in Islam
The Meaning of Justice
1) In the Islamic worldview, justice denotes placing
things in their rightful place.
2) It also means giving others equal treatment.
3) In Islam, justice is also a moral virtue and an
attribute of human personality, as it is in the
Western tradition. Justice is close to equality in
the sense that it creates a state of equilibrium in
the distribution of rights and duties, but they are
not identical.
4)Sometimes, justice is achieved through
inequality, like in unequal distribution of wealth.
Justice in Islam
God spoke to His Messenger in this
manner:
1) O My slaves, I have forbidden injustice for Myself and
forbade it also for you. So avoid being unjust to one
another. (Saheeh Muslim)
1) We sent Our Messengers with clear signs and sent down
with them the Book and the Measure in order to establish
justice among the people (Quran 57:25)
Types of justice
There are four types of justice that
people can seek when they have
been wronged:
1)Distributive justice
2)Procedural justice
3)Restorative justice
4)Retributive justice
Distributive justice
1)
2)
3)
If people do not think that they are getting their fair share
of something, they will seek first to gain what they believe
they deserve.
Procedural justice
1) The principle of fairness is also found in the idea of fair
play (as opposed to the fair share of distributive justice).
2) If people believe that a fair process was used in deciding
what it to be distributed, then they may well accept an
imbalance in what they receive in comparison to others.
3)
Restorative justice
1) The first thing that the betrayed person may seek from the
betrayer is some form of restitution, putting things back as
they should be.
2) The simplest form of restitution is a straightforward
apology. Restoration means putting things back as they
were, so it may include some act of contrition to
demonstrate one is truly sorry. This may include action and
even extra payment to the offended party.
3) Restorative justice is also known as corrective justice.
Retributive justice
1) Retributive justice works on the principle of punishment, although
what constitutes fair and proportional punishment is widely
debated. While the intent may be to dissuade the perpetrator or
others from future wrong-doing, the re-offending rate of many
criminals indicates the limited success of this approach.
2) Punishment in practice is more about the satisfaction of victims
and those who care about them. This strays into the realm of
revenge, which can be many times more severe than reparation
as the hurt party seeks to make the other person suffer in return.
In such cases 'justice' is typically defined emotionally rather that
with intent for fairness or prevention.
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1)
2)
Utilitarians see justice as part of morality and dont see justice to have a
higher priority than any other moral concern. In particular, utilitarians
think that we should promote goodness (things of value), and many think
that goodness can be found in a single good; such as happiness,
flourishing, well-being, or desire satisfaction.
3)
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Utilitarians often advocate for social welfare because everyones
well-being is of moral interest and social welfare seems like a
good way to make sure everyone flourishes to a minimal extent.
a) Free trade can help reward people for hard work and encourage
people to be productive,
b) The free market allows for a great deal of freedom,
c) Freedom has a tendency to lead to more prosperity,
d) Taking away freedom has a tendency to cause suffering.
Objections
1. Its too simple
2. Utilitarianism fails to account for
the need to be respectful
3. It ignores personal relationships
4. Its too demanding
Born
November 16,
1938
Brooklyn,
New York, U.S.
Died
Regi
on
January 23,
2002(aged63)
Cambridge, Massa
chusetts
, U.S.[1]
20th-century phil
osophy
Western philosoph
y
Scho
ol
Analytic,
Libertarianism
Era
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Rawls says that the first principle has priority over the
second
The liberties Rawls has in mind are negative rights, like the
freedom of thought.
The distribution of social goods can include education, food,
and housing; which could be considered to be positive rights.
The second principles second restrictionthat social and
economic inequalities must benefit the worst off groupis
known as the difference principle and seems to imply that
total communism is automatically just if such a system has
no economic or social inequalities because its only
inequalities that require a rationale. Capitalism will only be
justified if it benefits the least advantaged groupthe poor,
orphans, and so on.
Objections
1) Basic liberties arent good enough
2) Arent these people too risk averse?
3) The difference principle unjustly restrains
freedom and power
4) The difference principle can lead to poverty
5) International responsibilities
References: