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CE-501
Hydraulics
Structures (2+2)

CE-501: Hydraulic Structures

Course Outline (as approved)

Dams Construction and materials: Introduction to dam engineering,

including brief historical review of development.
Type of dams. Load regimes. Site assessment and factors influencing selection
of dam type.
Concrete dams: design of gravity dams.
Introduction to design of massive buttress and arch/cupola dams.
Construction of concrete dams.
Embankment dams: geotechnical parameters and design principles. Analysis of
earth fill and rock fill embankment dams. Construction of fill dams.
Safety legislation and appraisal of existing dams, including introduction to
instrumentation and reassessment of design parameters.
Trends in design construction.

Weir and Barrages Hydraulic design: Gates for flood and level control. High
pressure valves.
Hydraulic design of Spillways. Overflow and other Spillways.
Energy dissipation on and below Spillways.
Hydraulic design of stilling basins.
Hydraulic modeling of dams and barrages.

Cross drainage structures: analysis and design.

Pumping Stations: Types of Pump sumps and intakes, sump design, layout of
pumping stations.

Helping subject:
GE-504 DAM ENGINEEING
Basic Concepts and Miscellaneous Topics,
Design Considerations,
Geotechnical Investigations for Dams ,
Seepage through Dam section and its control,
Control of Seepage through foundations,

Stability Analysis, Special Design, Problems,

Embankment Construction,
Failure of Dams Case Histories,

Reference Books:
Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures: Theory,
Design and Practice, 4th ed, 2010. By Dr. Iqbal
Ali

Hydraulic Structures, 4th ed. By Novak, P.,

Moffat, I.B. and Nalluri

Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic

Structures, 19th ed. (2006) By S.K. Garg
Water Resources Engineering, by Ray K
Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini, McGraw-Hill
Design of Small Dams, USBR, 3 rd Edition,
1987

Hydraulic Structures for

Various Functions
Irrigation
Hydropower

Dam, Reservoir, Wells

Barrage/headworks
Canals, Distribution System, ,Drainage System
Storage, Diversion,
Forebay, penstocks,
turbines, Tailrace

Flood Control

Dams, storage reservoirs,

levees, spurs, flood walls,
channel improvements, flood ways.

Domestic
Water Supply

Dams, reservoirs, wells,

conduits,
pumping plants, treatment plants, distribution systems,
etc.

Navigation

Dams, reservoirs,
canals, locks,channel improvement,
harbour improvement

Dams Construction and

materials
Introduction to dam engineering,
including brief historical review of
development.

Dam?

A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to hold and

control the flow of water for such uses as drinking water supplies,
irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation etc.

Benefits of Dams
The benefits of dams are usually to the
advantage of humans. They may include:
Irrigation

(12-15% of food production)

Hydroelectric production (19% of global electricity)
Flood control
Recreational opportunities
Navigation
Industrial and Domestic water supply (12% of Ind.
& Domestic use)

Purpose Distribution of
Reservoirs

Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)

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Storage per capita in

various semi-arid countries

Ref: Presentation by Chairman WAPDA, April 2007

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Disadvantages of dams
Changes in flow and temperature in the river downstream from
the dam
Loss of flowing water habitat and replacement with standing
water (reservoir) habitat
Interruption of animal/human movements along the course of the
river
Possible alteration of the fish community in the region of the river
Interruption of genetic exchange among populations inhabiting
the river course
Reduction in the delivery of river nutrients to downstream section
of the river because of entrapment by the reservoir
The loss of the floodplain habitat and connectivity between the
river and bordering habitats upland

Slogans by Anti-Dam Activists

Damn to Dam,
Small is beautiful

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Spillways

Functions

Inflow design flood

Surcharge Storage & Spillway Capacity

Flood Routing

Spillway Size and Type

Spillway Layout

Spillway Component

Spillway types

Controlled Crests

Ref: Chapter 9, Design of Small Dams, USBR, 3rd edition, 1987

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Factors for Spillway Size

and Type

Characteristics of flood hydrograph

Expected damages without dam

Expected damages with dam

Expected damages with dam breach (failure)

Effect of various combinations of dam, and spillway

on upstream and downstream flooding

Relative cost of increasing capacity of spillway

Combined use of outlet facilities

Spillway Component

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Control Structure

Discharge Channel

Terminal Structure

Entrance (approach) Channel, and Outlet (exit)

Channel

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Spillway types

Controlled (gated), Uncontrolled (ungated) Spillways

Free Overfall (Straight drop) Spillway

Ogee (Overflow) Spillway

Labyrinth spillway

Open Channel (Trough or Chute)

Conduit and Tunnel Spillways

Drop Inlet (Shaft or Morning Glory) Spillway

Baffled Chute Spillway

Culvert Spillway

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Controlled Crest

Although simplest form of control is Free Flow

(ungated), yet a control device in static crest is
beneficial to reduce the cost of free flow crest

Flashboards and stoplogs

Rectangular Lift Gates

Wheel or Roller-Mounted Gates

Radial Gates

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Hydraulics of CONTROL
Structures

Shape of Uncontrolled Ogee Crest

Discharge over Uncontrolled Overflow Ogee Crest

Pier and Abutment Effects

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Shape of Ogee Crest

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K vs U/S Slope
ha/Ho

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n vs u/s slope

ha/Ho

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Values of Xc

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Values of yc

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Values of R1, R2

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Alternate way
of defining:
Ogee Crest by
Compound
Curves

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Reverse Curve at Toe of

Ogee Spillway

- Find r= h/4.
- Draw line parallel to d/s
bed at r/2 = h/8 distance. It
cuts the ogee profile at point B
- From B, locate point D at 30o to
the horizontal at a distance of
r = h/4 from B.
D
B
30o

Ref. Garg

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Discharge Capacity

L is net clear length of crest.

It does not include piers widths

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Pier, and Abutment

Coefficients

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Fig-9.23:Discharge Coefficient (Co) for

Uncontrolled (vertical faced) Ogee
Crest

The figure gives Co in

FPS is given.

To convert it to Co for
SI system, multiply
Co of FPS with
0.3048^0.5 = 0.552

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Fig-9.24:Effect of Head on Crest

(other than Design Head)

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Fig-9.25:Effect of Slopping
u/s face

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Fig. 9.26: Effects of downstream

influences

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Fig-9.27:D/S Apron Effects

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Fig-9.28:Tailwater Effects: Degree

of Submergence vs. Cs/Co

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Design Example of
Uncontrolled Crest

Page 370 Design of Small Dam

Ref for online spillway rating curve: http://

ponce.sdsu.edu/onlineogeerating.php

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Ref: Design Standards of Spillway_USBR_DS14-1_2011.pdf

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Thanks

CE-501: Course Outline

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Dams: - Construction and Materials,

Introduction to dam engineering, including brief historical review of

development.

Type of dams, Load regimes, Site assessment and factors influencing

selection of dam type.

Concrete dams: design of gravity dams.

Introduction to design of massive buttress and arch/cupola dams.

Construction of concrete dams.

Embankment dams: geotechnical parameters and design principles.

Analysis of earth fill and rock fill embankment dams. Construction of

fill dams.

Safety legislation and appraisal of existing dams, including

introduction to instrumentation and reassessment of design
parameters.

Trends in design & construction.

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Course Outline

Weir and Barrages:-

Hydraulic design:

Gates for flood and level control.

High pressure valves.

Spillways.
Overflow and other Spillways.
Energy dissipation on and below Spillways.
Stilling basins.

Hydraulic modeling of dams and barrages.

Cross drainage structures: analysis and design.

Pumping Stations: Types of Pump sumps and intakes, sump design,

layout of pumping stations.