A.

Positive selection: If the thymocyte TCR engages in a low-affinity interaction with a self MHC molecules on a
thymic epithelial cell, it is rescued from programmed cell death and continues to mature
B. Lack of positive selection: If the thymocyte TCR does not engage in any interaction with peptide-MHC
molecule complexes on thymic epithelial cell, it will die in a programmed cell death
C. Negative selection: If the thymocyte TCR binds peptide-MHC complexes on a thymic antigen presenting
cell with high avinity, it is induced to undergo apoptotic cell death

Immune Response &

Immunomechanism

The line of defence against microbes

Protective surface mechanism

Epithelia:
Skin: impenetrable barrier
Resp tract: surface mucous, ciliary action
Maintenance of acidic environment (stomach, vagina)

Antimicrobial substances produced at epithelial surface

Non-specific tissue defences

Phagocytic cells and Natural Killer cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
NK cells

Blood Proteins
Member of complement system
Mediators of inflammation
Inflammation
Neutrophil recruitment

Cytokines
Proteins that regulate and coordinate many of the activities of the cells of innate
immunity

Specific immune responses

Adaptive immune response

Physical and chemical barriers

Antigen recognition
T-cell receptor recognizes antigen in the
form of a complex of a foreign peptide
bound to an MHC molecule
B-cell receptor recognizes antigen through
surface IgM molecules

ANTIGEN RECOGNITION
Innate immunity

Pathogen-associated
molecular pattern
(PAMPs), recognized by
TLR expressed in
phagocytic cells

Adaptive immunity
T cells Receptors
CD4+ helper T cell
TCR,
recognized
antigen
peptide in
association
with class II
MHC
molecule
CD8+ cytotoxic T
cell
recognized
peptide
antigen in
association
with class I
MHC
molecules

B cell
Recognized peptide antigen
through
surface immunoglobulin

Specific immune response

Initiation

CD4Tcell activation and Differentiation

Nave CD4 T cell activated by

dendritic cell
Activated CD4 T cell differentiate into
effector CD4 T cells: TH1, TH2, TH17,
TReg

Differentiation is initiated through an

interaction of DC and CD4+ H T cells

TH1 cells coordinate the host

response to intracellular pathogens

Professional antigen-presenting cells

(APCs) are distributed in different
regions of the lymph nodes:
Dendritic cells are found throughout the
cortex
in the T-cell areas
Macrophages are found throughout the
cortex
and the follicles
B cells are found mainly in the follicles

Activation of nave
T cells requires two
independent signals:
1. TCR/co-receptor binding
of MHC/peptide complex
transmits the first signal
(arrow 1).
2. Activation of the T cell
requires a second signal
(arrow 2) to be delivered
by the same antigenpresenting cell.

The principal co-stimulatory

molecules expressed on
professional antigen-presenting
cells are B7 molecules, which
bind the T-cell protein, CD28.

Bacterial LPS induces Langerhans cells

to migrate to lymphonodus, mature
and initiating adaptive immunity
Activation of CD4 T cells required co
stimulatory molecules, CD80 (B7.1)& CD86
(B7.2)
Activation of B cells required the help of
activated CD4 T cells
Lymphocyte activation occur in T-cell
dependent zone of lymphonodus

Immune tolerance

Induction of Tolerance
Antigen segregation
Immunepriviledge site

Induction of tolerance
Central tolerance
Deletion of autoreactive lymphocytes during development

Peripheral tolerance
Deletion of autoreactive lymphocytes by
Apoptosis ( clonal deletion)
Anergy (functionally in activated)
Supression by a Regulatory T cells

HOMEOSTASIS

Autoimmune diseases
The normal immune system must be able to
distinguish between self and non-self
Autoimmune disease is a breakdown of
tolerance
Autoimmune disease is a hypersensitivity
reaction triggered by self antigens