m
   



 

1. The application of antenna parameters to the system planning for
mobile communication.
1) Radiation pattern
(1) horizontal pattern has to do with beam width and coverage area.

(2) the beam width in vertical pattern determines the power distribution over
coverage.
O
 
 
  
áT(dB)=áR(dB)+20log4ʌR(m)/Ȝmin(m)-GT(dBi)-GR(dBi)-Lc(dB)-L0(dB)

In the equation, Lc stands for the loss of the feeder cable for BTS
antennas; L0 the wave loss during propagation.
In system designing, a margin should be reserved for L0. In general,
wave propagation loss has a bearing on the environmental condition
during propagation. For example, radio waves suffer a loss of 10-
15dB, upon penetrating civil construction or trees; 25-30dB in the
case of concrete walls.
As for mobile phones in CDMA /GSM of 800MHz or 900MHz, it is
generally believed that the receiving threshold is ±1.4dBm. But
actually, the received signal should be 10dB higher than this value, so
that the received signal can reach the standard in signal-to-noise ratio.
As a matter of face,receiving power is taken as ±170dBm in calculating,
so as to guarantee good telecommunication.
A BTS is supposed to features the following constants:
Transmitting power á

Receiving power á



Cable loss 
ô

The gain of the receiving antenna 

Operating wave length ˜



     
Substituting the above values yields 80.1dB +GT (dBi )=20logR(m)+ L0
It is believed that good communication can be maintained when GT
(dBi )>20logR(m) -80.1dB + L0.
 If the BTS adopt omni-directional antenna of GT 11dBi, good
communication will be ensured within 1km when r ¬31.1dB.
With r
the same value as mentioned above, the communication
distance can be doubled,that is,R=2km, if GT is increased by 6dBi.
If GT remains 11db and r is reduced by20dB, R can be increased
by ten times,that is,R=10km. Closely related with environmental
condition, propagation loss is high in urban cities densely covered with
high building while it is low in countryside thinly scattered with low
house. Therefore, configuration in communication system the same,
different environmental condition effects different coverage, hence
different communication performance. So, it is a must to select the
BTS antennas according to application environmental condition.
 

.



ï
ï
ï

In the case of vertical beam shown in the diagram, GT in the above

calculation refers to the value on the main axis. Usually installed on the
tower, the BTS antenna should be titled to guarantee enough power coverage
for the receiver. The title angle is determined by the height of tower and the
distance between the user and the antenna
 As seen in the above vertical pattern, ³shadow under the tower´ will
result if the receiver happens to stand in the null-coverage of the beam.
To combat this problem,null-fill antenna can be adopted. The
alternative solution is to downtilt the beam.
2. Antennas in network optimization
1) the definition of network optimization
It refers to the proper adjustment of regulation and design of the
communication network according to certain guidance so as to ensure
reliability and cost efficiency of the network. It aims at better
operation quality and high utilization ratio of radio resources, all of
which is essential for both mobile user and operator.
O 

 


 

Based upon the above discussions, we can summarize the
network optimization having the following content:
(1)Efforts should be made to realize 90% of seamless
coverage, non shadow area,and min receiving electric
level in the radiation area.
(2) Rationalize the configuration of ratio resources, increase
frequency reutilization ratio, and expand network capacity.
(3)Reduce interference and call-drop rate,and increase call-
completing ratio.
All these have to do with the proper selection and
adjustment of BTS antenna parameters.
Y  
 
   


 

1) To realize seamless coverage, the proper selection of
BTS antenna parameters is of essential importance.As
for GSM or CDMA BTS for digital mobile
communication network, the selection of BTS antennas
available at home is based upon the following principle:
Tilt angle can be reached by the following formula:
Àë
3 

(in which  stands for tilt angle;h height of antenna, r the
distance between base stations.
(a) In high-volume areas, the distance between stations is 300-500m, and the
title angle should be 10-19o. To satisfy these needs, we suggest a _45dual
polarized directional antenna with inbuilt 9o electrical downtilt and
65obeam width. Working with mechanical downtilt mounting kits of 15o,
the antenna secure that the pattern in horizontal directional remain constant
when the main beam tilts 10-19o. The wide application of the antenna
indicates that it can satisfy coverage need in high density urban areas .
(b) In medium-volume urban areas,the distance between stations is bigger than
500m and downtilt angle should be 6-16o. In this case, _45dual
polarizeddirectional antenna with inbuilt 6o electrical downtilt and
65obeam width can secure consistent half power beam width when the
main beam tilts 6-16o ,and satisfy coverage need in medium density urban
areas .
(c) In low-volume urban areas, the distance between stations are large and the
tilt angle should be 3-15 .
 In this case, _45dual polarized directional antenna with inbuilt 3o
electrical downtilt and 65obeam width can secure consistent half power
beam width when the main beam tilts 3-15o ,and satisfy coverage need in
low density urban areas .
2) Antenna selection for small town areas:
In these low volume areas, the main consideration should be paid to
coverage need,hence large distance between stations feasible. In this case,
we can select single polarized antennas(triple or dual section) featured by
higher gains(17dBi) and larger horizontal beam width(65 ,90 ).
3) Antenna selection for the countryside
In these low volume areas, coverage need is the first consideration. So a
good choice is omni-directional high gain antennas with 3 ,5 ,7 tilt
angle.
4) Antenna selection for highways/railroads and nearby towns
(1) Dual section (180 for each) . This design features 90 half power
beamwidth and high gain(17-18dBi) antennas and back-to-back installation
with the largest radiating directed along highway. Their resultant radiation
pattern is shown in the below diagram.
(2) High-way dual-directional antenna. If the volume is rather small along
highway/railway, we can select dual polarized antennas, a modification
of omni-directional antenna, featured by 70 beamwidth and 14dBi
gain. Its pattern is shown as follows.

Railway and
highway
(4) Highway&town antennas:In the low-volume areas where both
highway/railway and nearby town should be covered, weak directional
antenna is used to satisfy the coverage need.
Highway;railway

town

Highway;railway

(5) radiation-controlled pattern

(1) Horizontal beam
High front-to-back ratio
Side lobe suppression across frequency band
Remain constant 10dB beamwidth of horizontal beam during the adjustment of
tilt angle.
(2) vertical beam
Side lobe suppression across frequency band
Null fill feature
Consistent gain across frequency band.
Dual polarized antennas should feature enough isolation and space
polarization discrimination.
6) Increase carrier-to-signal ratio by the adjustment of BTS antennas.
7) Improve the speech quality in coverage area , balance the network load, and
improve network operating efficiency by the adjustment of BTS antenna¶s
elevation angle.
 m


   






 

Antennas are tilted to direct the beam to the ground.

No tilt Electrical tilt Mechanical tilt

 R 


Intended for:
coverage control
reduction of IM
Two methods
Mechanical
Electrical
R  




No tilt Electrical tilt

 R  

   


No tilt Mechanical tilt


  
 



10 electrical down tilt 6 electrical down tilt 10 mechanical tilt

+4 mechanical tilt
4
  





  
 
 


No tilt Tilt
Feeding lines of the same length Feeding lines of different length
To adopt the electrical tilt function, it has
fixed electrical tilt products and
continuous tilt adjustment products. For
the continuous tilt adjustment products,
they can be adjusted directly at the bottom
of the antenna or be adjusted through a
control unit remotely.