GEOPHYSICS
Program
Studi
Physiography of
IndonesiaTeknik Geologi
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian
dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
1. Objectives
2. Structural Interpretation
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Data Preparation
Well Seismic Ties
Horizon Picking
Horizon Tracing and Fault Identification
Horizon Reading and Posting
Fault Reconstruction
Contouring
Reporting
OBJECTIVES
1. Interpreting the geological
structure, the elements
and the processes of
occurrence as well as the
factors that influenced
them.
2. Provide recommendation
of prospective area and
risk contained therein.
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FWS 04
L 9 Overview
Explorations Task
Identify
Opportunitie
s
Acquire
Seismic Data
Interpret
Seismic Data
Capture
Prime Areas
From Lecture 1
Drill
Wildcats
Process
Seismic Data
Failure
Assess
Prospects
Confirmation
Well
Uneconomic
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Success
Drop
Prospec
t
Success
To Development
Or Production
L 9 Overview
Geologic Framework
Using all available data (wells, seismic, outcrop,
regional
studies,Interpretation
gravity, magnetics, etc.) build
Structural
a framework of present-day structure and
Faults &stratigraphy
Folds
Stratigraphic
Interpretation
Unconformities
Stratal Packages
Environments / Facies /
Lithologies
Ages
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L 9 Overview
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2.Prospect Elements
Individual elements: Source, Migration,
Reservoir, Trap, Seal
Favorable juxtaposition of all elements
3.Prospect Assessment
Likely HC volumes in the success case
Risking - How likely is the success case?
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FWS 04
L 9 Overview
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
Structural
Identification
Stratigraphic
Identification
Facies
Interpretation
Geology
Model
Petroleum
System
Source Rock
Reservoir
Traps and Seals
Migration
Geological
Risk
Project
Economic
Prospects
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretations
Seismic Modeling
Seismic
Sections
Seismic section
Well log
Interpretation
Geology
Model
Geology Model
Synthetic
Facies model
STRUCTURAL SEISMIC
INTERPRETATION WORK FLOW
Seismic section
Base map
Well Log
Velocity Data
Mistie Analysis
Data
Preparation
Interpretation
Well Seismic Tie
Horizon Picking
Horizon Tracing
Faults Identification and
reconstruction
Horizon reading and
posting
Contouring
Prospects
Area
Project
Economic
Report
DATA PREPARATION
Persiapan
Beberapa tahapan dalam interpretasi data seismic yang harus diikuti :
Peta Dasar dan Penampang seismik
Peta Dasar mencakup :
Posisi arah lintasan seismic dan perpotongan antar lintasan seismic.
Koordinat, sistim koordinat yg digunakan
Nama lintasan dan nomer shot point (titik tembak).
Skala peta (tegantung tujuan), arah utara/mata angin
Posisi sumur
Culture dan legend/ keterangan.
Penampang Seismik :
bentuk stack migrasi dan umumnya adalah PSTM .
Skala umumnya horisontal 1 : 20 000 dan vertikal 1 cm = 100 msec.
Pada penampang seismik juga memuat informasi tentang :
bagian atas : data kecepatan, nomer SP, Trace , posisi crossing line, topografi,
shot hole depth
bagian samping (kanan) : nama lintasan, nomer SP dan status processing,
informasi data acquisition, informasi processing dan sekuennya, peta indeks
Data Sumur
Final log, untuk mengetahui puncak formasi atau lapisan tertentu sebagai
marker atau zona-zona mengandung HK (DST, UKL).
Log sonic dan densitas, digunakan untuk membuat sintetik seismogram untuk
seismic well tie
WVS/VSP, untuk mengetahui kecepatan rata-rata tiap interval atau
menkonversi data kedalaman ke data waktu atau sebaliknya, dan sebagai
kalibrasi synthetic seismogram
Data geologi
Geologi permukaan, peta geologi untuk membantu menentukan batas litologi
dengan horizon tertentu, analisis stratigrafis, hubungan fasies (mengetahui
kondisi geologi regional daerah setempat ).
Citra satelit, berupa landsat, spot dsb, digunakan menentukan pola/ kelurusan
struktur permukaan dan penyebaran batuan (geologi regional).
Data seismic survey terdahulu (sebelumnya), akan membantu interpretasi
karena akan menambah data asal mempunyai kualitas yang memadai.
Verifikasi
data navigasi,
Lecture 7
Well-Seismic Ties
Depth
Time
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Time (ms)
Synthetic Trace
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er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
17
Synthetic Trace
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L 7 Well-Seismic
18
SHOT
RECR
Kelly Bushing
Elevation
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Me
asu
red
Depth
Two-way time
Base of
Weathering
FWSchroed
er 06
Vertical depth
Surface
Elevation
L 7 Well-Seismic
19
Well Data
Low frequency 5 - 60 Hz
Vertical resolution 2 cm - 2 m
Horizontal resolution 0.5 cm - 6
m
Measures vertical velocity,
density, resistivity,
radioactivity, SP, rock and fluid
properties from cores
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100 m
100 m
Depth measurement
FWSchroed
er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
20
Seismic
Data
Real Seismic
Data
Processing
Trace
Estimate
Pulse
External
Pulse
Well
Data
Data
Processing
Seismic
Modeling
Synthetic Seismic
Trace
Check Shots/
Time Depth
Information
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er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
21
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Depth
Seismic Shot
Borehole
Geophone
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er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
22
Velocity Density
Impedance
Reflection
Wavelet
Coefficients
Synthetic
Shale
Sand
Shale
Sand
Shale
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er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
23
SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM
Our Example
Well A
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er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
25
Time (ms)
Synthetic
Trace
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FWSchroed
er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
26
Synthetic Seismograms
No multiples
Relative amplitudes
are preserved
Zero-offset section
Multiples ignored
Noise free
No transmission losses or
absorption
Isotropic medium (vertical
and horizontal velocities are
equal)
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FWSchroed
er 06
L 7 Well-Seismic
27
DATA INTERPRETATION
Pemetaan
Persiapan Pemetaan
Sebelum memetakan, cek ulang :
lintasan yang melewati sumur apakah korelasi seismic dan data sumur sesuai
(matching),
pastikan pada perpotongan antar lintasan, horizon ataupun sesarnya sudah tie.
Base map/peta dasar sudah dilengkapi lintasan dan nomer SPnya.
Kwalitas mapping tergantung pada ketelitian interpretasi
Pembacaan / Gridding
Pembacaan /gridding untuk mengetahui harga dan posisi horizon atau fault yang
akan dipetakan , dengan syarat seluruh data seismic sudah cocok (tie).
Hasil pembacaan kemudian di plot pada peta dasar . Dalam beberapa kasus
apabila lintasan seismic yang terdapat pada peta dasar masih jarang (jarak antar
lintasannya jauh) maka harga pada posisi antar lintasan akan diinterpolasi .
Mistie
Mistie adalah perbedaan waktu refleksi pada horizon dan posisi yang
sama antara dua penampang seismic yang berpotongan.
Mistie antara 1 - 10 msec, dapat diabaikan untuk kepentingan pemetaan
regional (kontur intervalnya 20 - 50 msec),
Untuk pemetaan detail dengan interval kontur 5 - 10 msec, mistie diatas
5 msec harus dikoreksi.
Mistie ini dapat terjadi akibat adanya:
Kesalahan dalam interpretasi
Kesalahan dalam prosesing (perbedaan kecepatan, koreksi statik,
filtering dll)
Migrasi akibat geometri dari dipping/kemiringan data, biasanya
terdapat pada ujung lintasan dan sering disebut dengan end of line
effect.
Kesalahan posisioning
Adanya perbedaan dalam parameter akusisi.
Pada
pemetaan
manual,
diakibatkan
kesalahan
dalam
pembacaan/gridding.
Contouring
Sebelum penggambaran garis kontur,
Plotting posisi sesar (fault), pola sesar dan
simbolnya harus dilakukan terlibih dulu.
Pemetaan ini adalah contouring yaitu titik titik
harga tersebut dapat dikontur dengan interval
atau jarak antar kontur yang disesuaikan
dengan skala peta (1/2000 x skala peta) atau
disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan
Lecture 10
Structural Analysis
Hor. 1
Hor. 2
Hor. 3
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L 10 Structural
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L 10 Structural
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L 10 Structural
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L 10 Structural
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L 10 Structural
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L 10 Structural
S W
tie
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L 10 Structural
Interpreting Faults
Structural
Observations
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Structural
Concepts
FWS 04
L 10 Structural
Interpreting Faults
Structural
Observations
Tectonic Setting
Divergent zones
Convergent zones
Strike-slip zones
Mobile substrate
How Structures Evolve
Fault-bend folds
Fault-propagation folds
Salt movement
etc.
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Structural
Concepts
FWS 04
L 10 Structural
EXTENSION
CONTRACTION
LATERAL
UPLIFT,
SUBSIDENCE
BASEMENT
INVOLVED
extensional
fault
blocks
contractional
fault
blocks
strike-slip
or wrench
faulting
basement
warps
BASEMENT
DETACHED
detached
normal
faulting
fold-andthrust belts
tear faults
(detached)
salt, shale
diapirism
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FWS 04
L 10 Structural
Extensional Faults
basement involved
basement detached
1 mile
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L 10 Structural
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L 10 Structural
REPORTING
Pembentukan graben
Graben menjadi unsur yang sangat penting dalam
pembentukan daerah dapur hidrokarbon. Isolated sediment
biasanya sangat bagus sebagai dapur hidrokarbon sebagai
produk endapan lacustrine.
Dalam model yang dibuat dari material lumpur yang
dilengkungkan seperti busur menunjukkan deformasi dengan
membentuk graben.
Model lain menunjukkan bahwa graben dapat terbentuk akibat
gaya tensional atau terjadinya rifting.
Syntesa lainnya adalah adanya akibat arus konveksi dari
dalam bumi yang menyebabkan terjadinya seri sesar listrik
membentuk graben.
10330
10315
10300
GERAGAI
DEEP
TUNGKAL
DEEP
LEGEND:
TIGA PULUH
HIGH
TAF >300m
A.MENDAHARA-1
TIUNG-1
GERAGAI-1
TAF 100-300m
TIUNG-2
SOGO-1
SPT-B
SPT-B
TAF <100m
MANIS
MATA-1
MRT-A
MRT-B
TAF absent
BETUNG-1
AAB-1
Igneous rock
BKP-A
BKP-B
HARI-1
RCD-A
RCD-B
GEGER
KALONG-1
M-1
SG-5
P-2
P-1
MERSAM-1
KT-3
MUARA
SABAK-1
P-1A
N-1
S.MEDAK-1
MERANG-1
JANGGA-1
BL-2
G-1
SIAPO -1
NIKAM -1
KALIBERAU-5
KUKU
LAMBAR-1
AWS
0
15 km
10445
10430
TUNGKAL-1
10415
10400
10345
10330
10315
BAKUNG-1
PITFALLS
IN
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
1.Multiple
Multiple occurs when the wavefront is reflected more than one time.
Data acquisition parameters can be designed to minimize multiple, mainly by
using stacking and deconvolution technique
However, multiple still often appear in the record even though the data have
been intensively processed
source
geophone
surface
t
Seismic reflector
2t
1st multiple
t = two way time
LONG PATH
MULTIPLE
LONG PATH
MULTIPLE
PEG LEG
GHOST
SURFACE
GHOST
Seismic
reflector
PRIMARY
REFLECTION
WBM
sideswipe
WBM
Figure 5. Examples of multiple : WB water bottom multiple, IBM-interbed multiple and sideswide
2.Diffraction
Diffraction occurs due to the sharp change of reflector plane geometry, for
examples due to the faults, instrusion, karst, etc (Figure 9). The sharp plane
refract energy to all direction and recorded as hyperbolic trace with diffraction
source as its apex. The position of fault plane can be estimated by joining the
apexes (Figure 10).
Even though diffraction can be minimized using migration technique, they
still appear in seismic records and interfere interpretation.
Geophone
Source
(a)
(b)
Figure 10d. Seismic examples of a burried focus. (a) Stacked section showing the bow-tie effect.
(b) Migrated section, revealing the true synclinal shape of the reflector (courtesy Norsk Hydro)
3.Velocity Efect
Changes of rock properties, for instances due to formation thickness and facies
can create velocity change. The change can give distortion between the stacked
time section and the real thickness and depth.
Down-dip apparent thinning occurs due to the increasing interval velocity with
depth for a constant thickness bed. This makes the bed become thinner to the
depth in time section (Figure 11). Apparent thinning can also accur along fault
plane due to the change of rock velocity across the fault plane (Figure 12).
Velocity anomaly also often occurs beneath low-angle dip fault plane like in the
case of thrust and lystric normal fault because of the lateral velocity change due
to the faulting (Figure 13-14)
Pull-up velocity anomaly will also develop under salt structure, and highvelocity carbonate or channel (Fig.15-17). On the contrary, push down velocity
anomaly can occur beneath shale diapir or carbonates with lower velocity than
the surroundings (Figure 18). Extreme change of water depth can also cause
severe velocity anomaly (Figure 19).
SEISMIC SECTION
SEISMIC SECTION
SEISMIC SECTION
SEISMIC SECTION
Figure 18. Velocity anomaly beneath carbonate reef. (a) and (b) Pull-up.
(c) and (d) pull-down (Badley, 1985)
surface
Inter
val v
elo
city i
n
crea
ses
Depth
(a)
Time
(b)
Figure 11. Apparent bed thinning due to velocity effect (Badley, 1985)
V1
V1
V2
V2
V3
V3
V = Velocity
V3>V2>V1
Downbending
of reflection
Figure 12. Apparent downbending effect due to the velocity effect (Badley, 1985)
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