Respiratory

System
:D

The primary function of the respiratory system is gas

exchange. Oxygen (which we need for our cells to
function) from the external environment is transferred
into our bloodstream while carbon dioxide (a waste
product of cellular function) is expelled into the
outside air. The billions of tissue cells in our body lie
too far from the inhaled air to exchange gases directly,
and instead blood circulates the oxygen to the cells.
This occurs during each breath we take where oxygen
first enters the nose or mouth during inhalation. The
air passes through the larynx and the trachea which
then splits into two bronchi.

Each bronchus bifurcates into two smaller branches

forming bronchial tubes. These tubes form a multitude
of pathways within the lung and terminating at the
end with a connection to tiny sacs called alveoli. The
exchange of gases takes place at the alveoli, where
oxygen (O2) diffuses into the lung capillaries in
exchange for carbon dioxide (CO2). Exhalation begins
after the gas exchange and the air containing CO2
begins the return journey through the bronchial
pathways and back out to the external environment
through the nose or mouth.

The breathing mechanism

The

breathing mechanism involves the action

of the respiratory muscles, which causes air to
move into and out of the lungs. Moving air into
the lungs is known as inhalation, or inspiration,
and moving air out is called exhalation, or
expiration. The main muscles involved in the
movements of breathing are thediaphragm,
the large muscle which forms the floor of the
chest cavity, and theintercostal muscles,
which are attached to the ribs.

 When

inhaling, the muscles work together to

increase the size of the chest space, lowering
the pressure inside the lungs and drawing air
in from outside. Exhaling involves relaxation of
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles,
reducing the volume of the chest cavity and
this, combined with the lungs' natural
elasticity, serves to increase the pressure
inside the lungs and move air out.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=31jVjR7uziA

Factors Which Affects Rate Of

breathing

Breathing is a necessary function for human beings. It supplies oxygen

for a process called cellular respiration, which is how cells manufacture
the energy they need for their life functions. There are lots of things
that can affect the rate of breathing in humans. Exercise is one of
those things, particularly aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise is any
exercise that causes the person to breathe more, such as running,
jogging, playing basketball, football, running track, or playing soccer.
Another factor that can influence breathing rate is allergic reactions to
stimuli from the environment, such as pollen. This can inflame the
passageways leading to the lungs, making them smaller, requiring
more air. Smoking is a habit that can influence the development of
lung cancer, which in turn influences the rate a person breathes.
Nervous conditions and reactions to stimuli also influence the breathing
rate, such as the famed "fight or flight" syndrome.

Vital capacity
Vital

capacityis the maximum amount of air

a person can expel from the lungs after a
maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of
inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and
expiratory reserve volume. A person'svital
capacitycan be measured by a wet or regular
spirometer.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJcAJHFqXZg

Difference between Gaseous exchange ,

Respiration and breathing
Respiration

is the release of energy from glucose or

another organic chemical. Breathing is the process that
moves air in and out of the lungs. Gas exchange takes
place at a respiratory surface ~ a boundary between the
external environment and the interior of the organism.
Respiration occurs in cell. Gas exchange occurs in alveoli
in lungs. Breathing occurs through the airways.
Definition 1

Respiration is the process in which food is oxidized to

release energy. Complex organic compounds are
converted into simpler ones, e.g glucose into CO2
water and energy released. Gaseous exchange is the
diffusion of gases from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower one. It is used for
exchange of oxygen and CO2 btw organism and its
environment. Breathing is the inhalation and
exhalation of air for the intake of oxygen and giving
out of CO2. Oxygen is inhaled and CO2 is exhaled due
to breathing.
Definition 2
(any one can be used)

Characteristics of gaseous
exchange surfaces
Highly

vascularized/network of blood
capillaries.

Large
Thin

surface area for gaseous exchange.

membrane.

Moist

lining.

Difference between Aerobic and

Anaerobic Respiration
1. Oxygen

The presence of oxygen in the cells determines which type of

cellular respiration will work, and in this case, aerobic respiration
uses oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP, with water
and carbon dioxide as by-products. If oxygen is absent, the cells
still produce energy, this time using anaerobic respiration.

During aerobic respiration, oxygen (O2) reacts with sugar or

glucose (C6H12O6), producing carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O),
and energy (ATP). Thus, the chemical equation:
C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + 2900 KJ (ATP)
(Glucose)

(Oxygen)

(Carbon dioxide)

(Water)

energy

During anaerobic respiration, when there is not enough oxygen,

cells break down glucose into lactic acid (C3H6O3) and energy
(ATP). This process releases less energy than aerobic respiration.
Thus, the chemical equation:
C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3+ Energy
(Glucose)

(Lactic Acid)

2. Energy Production

Although both processes produce energy, more ATP

molecules are generated from aerobic than anaerobic
respiration. Every glucose molecule generates 38
molecules of ATP during aerobic metabolism. In
contrast, one molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP
molecules during anaerobic metabolism.

3. By-products

Aerobic

respiration produces water and carbon

dioxide as by-products, which are easily
eliminated by the body. However, anaerobic
respiration, which usually occurs during
intense exercise, results in the production of
lactic acid, which may accumulate in the
muscles and cause muscle cramps.

ADP and ATP

ATP (Adenosine tri-phosphate) is an important molecule found in all living

things. Think of it as the energy currency of the cell. If a cell needs to
spend energy to accomplish a task, the ATP molecule splits off one of its
three phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate.
The energy holding that phosphate molecule is now released and
available to do work for the cell. When the cell has extra energy (gained
from breaking down food that has been consumed or, in the case of
plants, made via photosynthesis), it stores that energy by reattaching a
free phosphate molecule to ADP, turning it back into ATP. The ATP
molecule is just like a rechargeable battery. When its fully charged, its
ATP. When its run down, its ADP. However, the battery doesnt get thrown
away when its run downit just gets charged up again.
ATP ADP + P + energy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw

Technique of
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
CALL
Check the victim forunresponsiveness. If the person is not
responsive and not breathing or not breathing normally. Call 911
and return to the victim.
PUMP

If the victim is still not breathing normally, coughing or moving,

begin chest compressions.Pushdown in the center of the chest
2 inches 30 times. Pump hard and fast at the rate of at least
100/minute, faster than once per second.

BLOW

Tilt the head back and lift the chin. Pinch nose and cover the mouth
with yours and blow until you see the chest rise. Give 2 breaths.
Each breath should take 1 second.

CONTINUE WITH 30 PUMPS AND 2 BREATHS UNTIL HELP ARRIVES

Effects of cigarette smoking

Nicotine, found in cigarette, is a substance that stimulates the

brain. If you are a regular smoker, when the blood level of
nicotine falls, you usually develop withdrawal symptoms, such as:

Craving.

Anxiety.

Restlessness.

Headaches.

Irritability.

Hunger.

Difficulty with concentration

Carbon monoxide

This chemical affects the oxygen-carrying capacity of

the blood. In particular, in pregnant women who
smoke, this causes a reduced amount of oxygen to get
to the growing baby. This is thought to be the most
important cause for the bad effects of smoking on the
growing baby.

Damage to lungs

Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer caused by smoking.

More than 80% of cases of lung cancer are due to smoking.

Cigarette smoke contains many chemicals that interfere with the

body's method of filtering air and cleaning out the lungs. The smoke
irritates the lungs and leads to overproduction of mucus. It also
paralyses the cilia - tiny hair-like structures that line the airways and
clean out dust and dirt. Paralysis of the cilia means mucus and toxic
substances accumulate, resulting in congestion of the lungs.

This extra mucus means smokers are more likely to suffer from
chronic bronchitis and what is known as 'smoker's cough'.

Cigarette smoke is one of the best known triggers of asthma.

When people suffer from asthma their inflamed air passages,
which are very sensitive, narrow when exposed to cigarette
smoke. This causes an asthma attack.