1

STEEL

STEEL

Most popular and effective building material.

Steelis analloymade by combiningironand other

elements, the most common of these beingcarbon.

Intermediate stage between wrought iron and cast iron

wrought iron Carbon content: not greater than
0.15%
steel

- Carbon content: 0.15% to 1.5%

cast iron

- Carbon content :2% to 4%

2

VARIETIES OF STEEL

Based on carbon content

Mild

steel

Medium
High

0.15 to 0.25%

carbon steel -

carbon steel -

0.25 to 0.6% ( rail wheels)

0.6 to 1.5%

Increase in carbon content

Increase

strength

Decrease

ductility

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Hot rolling
*temperature above recrystallization temperature
*by rolling hot steel in semi solid state (900 to
12500)
Cold rolling
*temperature below recrystallization temperature
* rolling sheets from sheets, plates or flats in
rolling machines or by press breaking

MILD STEEL
Carbon content 0.25% (max)
Sulphur 0.055%
Phosphorous - 0.055% ( I.S. 226: 1969)
Dark bluish colour
It is tough, elastic than cast iron and wrought
iron.
It is malleable and ductile.

PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL

Can be magnetized permanently
Readily forged, riveted and bolted
Easily hardened or tempered
Malleable and ductile
Specific gravity 7.8
Melting point above 1400C

USES OF MILD STEEL

Used as steel reinforcements (mild steel round

bars)
Mild steel tubes are used in construction
Mild steel sheets are used for roof coverings
Used in manufacture of various tools, machinery
and other equipments

Steel is used structurally in two

ways
Reinforcement

steel
Structural steel

REINFORCEMENT STEEL

REINFORCING STEEL

Concrete weak in tension strong in

compression
Steel strong in tension
Steel bars embedded in concrete reinforcement
Develops good bond with concrete

10

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT BARS

Mild steel and medium tensile steel / Plain

steel bars
Round

sections
Mild steel / medium tensile steel / plain steel bars
Plain steel bars 5mm to 32mm
Designated as Fe250
Yield strength 250 N/mm2

11

High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD)/

TOR steel
Cold

twisted deformed bars

Tor steel bars longitudinal ribs in the form of
continuous helix
Develop high bond strength due to interlocking with
concrete
Mean diameters 5mm to 40mm
Designated as Fe415, Fe500, Fe550

12

ADVANTAGES OF TOR STEEL

Good bonding capabilities
High yield strength
Saving in reinforcement cost
Better structural properties
Bars can be welded
End hooks not essential

13

STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS /

MARKET FORMS OF STEEL
14

STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS:

Angle sections
Channel sections
I-sections
T-sections
Flat sections
Steel plates
Corrugated sheets
Round bars
Square bars

15

STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS

Rolled steel bar section:

Indian Standard Round Bars (ISRO):

Designated as ISRO 10 (round bars having
diameter 10mm)
Available in diameter varying from 6mm to
25mm.

16

Indian Standard square bars (ISSQ):

Designated as ISSQ 10 (square bars of size
10mm)
Used for grillwork, handrails for staircases etc.

17

Rolled Steel Plate Section ( ISPL):

Designated as ISPL 500 x 5 (500mm width and

5mm thickness)

Used for construction of water tanks and other

storage structures, built up beams, columns, base
plate for foundations etc.

18

Rolled Standard Sheet Sections (ISSH):

Plates having thickness less than 5mm.
Designated as ISSH 1800 x 600 x 4 (sheet
having length 1800mm, breadth 600mm and
thickness 4mm).
Used for construction of boxes and vehicle
bodies.

19

Indian Standard Strips (ISST):

Mainly used as beedings.
Designated as ISST 100 x 2 (steel strip with a
width of 100mm and thickness 2mm).

20

Indian Standard Flats (ISF):

Designated as ISF 10 x 3(flat of width 10mm
and thickness 3 mm).
Available in suitable widths varying from
10mm to 400mm
Thickness varying from 3mm to 40mm.
Used for steel grillwork for windows and
gates.

21

Rolled Steel Tubes:

Inner diameter varying from 15 to 150mm.
Thickness varying from 2 to 5.4mm.
Efficient structural sections for formwork and
trusses

22

Rolled Steel Angle Sections (ISA)

Designated as ISA and width and length of legs
Available as
Equal angle sections
i. Two legs will be equal in length
ii. Available in sizes varying from 20mm x 20mm
x 3mm to 200mm x 200mm x 25mm

23

Unequal angle sections

i. Two legs will be unequal in length.
ii. Available in sizes varying from 30mm x 20mm
x3mm x 3mm to 200mm x 150 mm x 18mm

24

Bulb angle sections

Extensively used in structural steel works like roof

trusses, and as connecting members for different

structures.

25

Rolled steel Tee sections:

Resembles the alphabet T
Consists of web and flange
Designated by overall dimensions and thickness.
Available in sizes varying from 20mm x 20mm x
3mm to 150mm x 150mm x 10mm.
Widely used as members of the steel roof truss and
form built up sections.

26

Different types available are:

Indian Standard Normal Tee (ISNT)
Indian Standard Heavy Tee (ISHT)
Indian Standard Short Tee (ISHT)
Indian Standard Junior Tee (ISHT)

27

Rolled Steel Channel Sections:

Consists of a web and two equal flanges.

Designated by height of web and width of flange

Available in sizes varying from 100mm x 45mm to

400mm x 100mm.

Widely used for beams and columns.

28

The different types available are:

Indian Standard Junior Channel (ISJC)
Indian Standard Light Channel (ISLC)
Indian Standard Medium Channels (ISMC)

29

Rolled Steel I Sections

Known as rolled steel

joists or beams.
Consists of two flanges
connected by a web.
Designated of overall
depth and width of
flange.
Available in sizes
varying from 75mm x
50mm to 600mm
x210mm.
30

Different types are:

Indian Standard junior beam (ISJB)

Indian Standard Light Beam (ISLB)
Indian Standard Medium Beam (ISMB)
Indian Standard Wide Flange Beam (ISWB)
Indian Standard Heavy Beam (ISHB)

Strongest and most economical of all sections

Used as columns, purlins in trusses and

grillage foundations.

31

Built up sections:

Composed of a combination of available basic

sections like plates, angles, channels etc.

For increased strength and stability

Different sections are joined by welding or riveting

32

TYPES OF BUILT UP SECTIONS

Two angles back to back
Two channels
I-sections with top and bottom plates
Plate girder
Built up column sections

33

34

35

LIGHT GAUGE SECTIONS

Made from steel sheets of uniform thickness

process in cold state
Coated with zinc or aluminium
Thickness normally less than 2mm
Yield stress ranging from 250MPa to 550 MPa.
Normally have stiffening lips on flanges
Intermediate stiffeners in wide flanges and webs

36

37

38

Plain C section

Multichannel

Lipped C section

Multibeam

Swage beam

Zed section

SFS C section

Zeta section

39

Ultrazed section

ADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE

SECTIONS
Lightness
High strength and stiffness
Ease of fabrication and mass production
Fast and easy erection and installation
High strength to weight ratio
Substantial elimination of delays due to weather
Formwork not needed
Uniform quality

40

THANK YOU
41