COMMON

COMMON
CHARACTERISTIC
CHARACTERISTIC
OF DEVELOPING
DEVELOPING
OF
NATIONS
NATIONS

High Population Growth Rate and Dependency Burdens

High and Rising Levels of Unemployment and Underemployment

FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGH POPULATION
GROWTH RATE
AND DEPENDENCY
BURDENS
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

POPULATION
POPULATION

summationofofall
allthe
the
summation

organismsofofthe
the
organisms
samegroup
groupor
or
same
species,which
whichlive
live
species,
particular
ininaaparticular
geographicalarea,
area,
geographical
andhave
havethe
the
and
capabilityofof
capability
interbreeding.
interbreeding.
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEMOGRAPHY
DEMOGRAPHY
thestatistical
statistical
the

studyof
ofhuman
human
study
populations
populations
especiallywith
with
especially
referenceto
tosize
size
reference
anddensity,
density,
and
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

POPULATION GROWTH
GROWTH RATE
RATE
POPULATION

Thepopulation
population
The

growthrate
rateisisthe
the
growth
rateat
atwhich
whichthe
the
rate
numberofof
number
individualsininaa
individuals
population
population
increasesininaa
increases
giventime
timeperiod.
period.
given
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH
Worldpopulation
populationisis
World

almost6.5
6.5billion
billion
almost
people.More
Morethan
than
people.
5/6live
liveinthe
intheLDCs
LDCs
5/6
andless
lessthan
than1/6
1/6live
live
and
inthe
themore
more
in
developednations.
nations.
developed
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH

Bothbirth
birthand
anddeath
deathrates
ratesare
arestrikingly
strikingly
Both

differentbetween
betweenthe
thetwo
twogroups
groupsofofcountries.
countries.
different
Birth rates in LDCs are generally higher than
Birth
rates in LDCs are generally higher than
thatofofDCs.
DCs.One
Onecan
cancompare
compareboth
boththe
thecrude
crude
that
birthrates
ratesand
andthe
thedeath
deathrates
ratesofofDCs
DCsand
and
birth
LDCs.
LDCs.
Crudebirth
birthrate
rateisisthe
theannual
annualnumber
numberofoflive
live
Crude

birthper
per1000
1000populations.
populations.( (ininLDCs
LDCs30-40
30-40per
per
birth
1,000 while in DCs is les than 20)
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH

Deathrates
ratesare
arethe
theannual
annualnumber
numberofofdeath
death
Death

per1000
1000populations.
populations.
per
Death rates in the third world countries are
Death
rates in the third world countries are
alsohigh
highrelative
relativeto
tothe
themore
moredeveloped
developed
also
nations,but
butthe
thedifferences
differencesare
aresmaller
smallerthan
than
nations,
thoseofofbirth
birthrates
ratesbecause
becauseofofimproved
improved
those
healthconditions
conditionsand
andthe
thecontrol
controlofofmajor
major
health
infectiousdiseases.
diseases.
infectious
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH
Totalfertility
fertilityrate
rate
Total
the average number of children that would be born
isisthe
average number of children that would be born
alive
to
a
women
during
her
life
time
is
much
higher
alive to a women during her life time is much higher
LDCsthan
thanininDC.
DC.
ininLDCs
Contraceptiveprevalence
prevalencerate
rate
Contraceptive
which is the percentage of married women of child
which
is the percentage of married women of child
bearingage
agewho
whoare
areusing,
using,ororwhose
whosehusbands
husbandsare
are
bearing
using,any
anyform
formofofcontraception,
contraception,whether
whethermodern
modernoror
using,
traditionalare
arehigher
higherininDCs
DCsthan
thanininLDCs.
LDCs.
traditional
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH
CAUSES
CAUSES
1. Sustained Fertility
1. Sustained Fertility

traditional to have a large

ItItisistraditional
to have a large
family that few people are
family that few people are
motivated to limit family size
motivated to limit family size
Unavailability of safe,
Unavailability
of safe,
inexpensive and effective
inexpensive and effective
contraceptives
contraceptives
Early Marriages
Early
Marriages
Lack of education and control
Lack
of education and control
FRANCIS
LOUIE
D. MENDOZA
Permissive
atmosphere of pre Permissive atmosphere
of pre-

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH
CAUSES
CAUSES
DeclineininMortality
Mortality
2.2.Decline
Advances in medicine (science anf
Advances
in medicine (science anf
technology
technology
Intensified nutrition or diet
Intensified
nutrition or diet
Sanitation
Sanitation
Clean water
Clean
water
Improved ways of waste
Improved
ways of waste
management
management
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH
CAUSES
CAUSES
3.3.
Immigration
Immigration
The influx
The
influx
ofof
foreigners
foreigners
toaa
to
country
country
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

HIGHPOPULATION
POPULATIONGROWTH
GROWTHRATE
RATE
HIGH
Implicationsofof
Implications
GrowingPopulation
Population
Growing
Increasing Health
Increasing
Health
Problems
Problems
Housing Problems
Housing
Problems
Food Problem
Food
Problem
Problem in
Problem
in

Education
Education
Unemployment
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION
TRANSITIONTHEORY
THEORY
DEMOGRAPHIC
refers to the
refers
to the

transitionfrom
fromhigh
high
transition
birthand
anddeath
deathrates
rates
birth
tolow
lowbirth
birthand
and
to
deathrates
ratesas
asaa
death
countrydevelops
develops
country
from
a
pre-industrial
from a pre-industrial
toan
anindustrialized
industrialized
to
economicsystem
system
economic
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION
TRANSITIONTHEORY
THEORY
DEMOGRAPHIC
(STAGE
1)
(STAGE 1)
both birth rates
both
birth rates

anddeath
deathrates
rates
and
arehigh.
high.As
Asaa
are
result,
population
result, population
sizeremains
remainsfairly
fairly
size
constantbut
butcan
can
constant
havemajor
major
have
swingswith
with
swings
eventssuch
suchas
as
events
warsor
or
wars
pandemics.
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION
TRANSITIONTHEORY
THEORY
DEMOGRAPHIC
(STAGE
2)
(STAGE 2)
the introduction of
the
introduction of

modernmedicine
medicine
modern
lowersdeath
deathrates,
rates,
lowers
especiallyamong
among
especially
children,while
whilebirth
birth
children,
rates
remain
high;
the
rates remain high; the
resultisisrapid
rapid
result
populationgrowth.
growth.
population
Manyofofthe
theleast
least
Many
developedcountries.
countries.
developed
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION
TRANSITIONTHEORY
THEORY
DEMOGRAPHIC
(STAGE
3)
(STAGE 3)
birth rates gradually
birth
rates gradually

decrease,usually
usuallyas
asaa
decrease,
resultofofimproved
improved
result
economicconditions,
conditions,an
an
economic
increaseininwomens
womens
increase
status,
and
access
to
status, and access to
contraception.Population
Population
contraception.
growthcontinues,
continues,but
butatat
growth
lowerrate.
rate.Most
Most
aalower
developingcountries
countriesare
are
developing
Stage3.3.
ininStage
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION
TRANSITIONTHEORY
THEORY
DEMOGRAPHIC
(STAGE
4)
(STAGE 4)
birth and death rates are
birth
and death rates are

both low, stabilizing the

both low, stabilizing the
population. These
population. These
countries tend to have
countries tend to have
stronger economies,
stronger economies,
higher levels of education,
higher levels of education,
better healthcare, a higher
better healthcare, a higher
proportion of working
proportion of working
women, and a fertility rate
women, and a fertility rate
hovering around two
hovering around two
children per woman. Most
children per woman. Most
developed countries are in
developed countries are in
FRANCIS
LOUIE D.
Stage
4.MENDOZA
Stage 4.

DEMOGRAPHICTRANSITION
TRANSITIONTHEORY
THEORY
DEMOGRAPHIC
(STAGE
4)
(STAGE 4)
would include
would
include

countriesininwhich
which
countries
fertilityrates
rates
fertility
havefallen
fallen
have
significantly
significantly
below
below
replacement
level
replacement level
children)and
and
(2(2children)
theelderly
elderly
the
populationisis
population
greaterthan
thanthe
the
greater
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA
youthful
youthful

DEPENDENCY RATIO
RATIO
DEPENDENCY
is an age-population ratio
is
an age-population ratio

of
those
not
in
the
labor
of those not in the labor
force(ages
(ages14
14below
belowand
and
force
65above)
above)and
andthose
those
65
typicallyininthe
thelabor
laborforce
force
typically
(ages15-64).
15-64).ItItisisused
usedto
to
(ages
measure
the
pressure
on
measure the pressure on
productivepopulation.
population.
productive
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEPENDENCY BURDEN
BURDEN
DEPENDENCY
The proportion of
The
proportion of

thetotal
total
the
populationaged
aged00
population
15and
and65+,
65+,
toto15
whichisis
which
considered
considered
economically
economically
unproductiveand
and
unproductive
notcounted
countedininthe
the
not
laborforce,
force,has
has
labor
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA
increasing
increasing

DEPENDENCY BURDEN
BURDEN
DEPENDENCY
The dependency
The
dependency

burdenisisas
ashigh
highas
as
burden
45%ininsome
some
45%
developing
countries.
developing countries.
Onaverage
averageititisisaa
On
thirdofofthe
the
third
populationinin
population
developingcountries.
countries.
developing
90%
of
the
90% of the
dependencyburden
burden
dependency
FRANCISdeveloping
LOUIE D. MENDOZA
inindeveloping

DEPENDENCY BURDEN
BURDEN
DEPENDENCY
Taxespeople
peoplepay
paymust
must
Taxes
providethe
theservices
servicesto
to
provide
thosewho
whoare
arenot
not
those
employed
employed
(dependents)which
which
(dependents)
adverselyaffect
affect
adversely
nationalincome
incomeand
and
national
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

DEPENDENCY BURDEN
BURDEN
DEPENDENCY
We may conclude
We
may conclude

thatnot
notonly
onlyare
are
that
the
LDCs
the LDCs
characterizedby
by
characterized
higherrates
ratesofof
higher
population
population
growthsbut
butthey
they
growths
mustalso
alsocontend
contend
must
withgreater
greater
with
dependency
dependency
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

RISING LEVELS OF
UNEMPLOYMENT
AND
UNDEREMPLOYMEN
T
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

UNEMPLOYMENT &&
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNDEREMPLOYMENT
UNDEREMPLOYMENT

Believedto
tobe
beaa
Believed

symptomofofaa
symptom
malfunctioning
malfunctioning
economyand
andhas
has
economy
alwaysbeen
beenthe
thefate
fate
always
millionsofofpeople
people
ofofmillions
expeciallyofofthe
the
expecially
countriesofofthe
thethird
third
countries
world.
world.
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

UNEMPLOYMENT &&
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNDEREMPLOYMENT
UNDEREMPLOYMENT

Oneofofthe
themajor
majorfactors
factorscontributing
contributingto
tothe
the
One

lowlevels
levelsofofliving
livingininLDCs
LDCsisisthe
therelatively
relatively
low
inadequateor
orinefficient
inefficientofoflabor
laborinincomparison
comparison
inadequate
withthe
thedeveloped
developednations.
nations.
with
Almost, 35% (on the average) of labor force in
Almost,
35% (on the average) of labor force in
LDCsisisunderutilized.
underutilized.Unemployment
Unemploymentinin
LDCs
populationisishigh
high
population
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT

Situationwherein
whereinaa
Situation

personwho
whoisisaa
person
memberofofthe
thelabor
labor
member
hasno
nowork.
work.
has
Unemploymentisis
Unemployment
oftenused
usedas
asaa
often
measureofofthe
thehealth
health
measure
theeconomy.
economy.
ofofthe
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

UNDEREMPLOYMENT
UNDEREMPLOYMENT
Situations in which
Situations
in which
individuals working in occupations with an
individuals
working in occupations with an

insufficient
number
of
hours,
insufficient number of hours,
individuals working in positions with insufficient pay,
individuals
working in positions with insufficient pay,
individuals working in occupations below their levels
individuals
working in occupations below their levels
educationalattainment
attainment
ofofeducational
individuals working in positions involving some
individuals
working in positions involving some
combinationofofthe
theabove
abovescenarios.
scenarios.
combination

Underutilization of labor resources.

Underutilization
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA
of labor resources.

CAUSES OF
OF UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
CAUSES

ChangeofofSeasons
Seasons
Change
Due to labor-saving machines
Due
to labor-saving machines
Lack of technical training and education

Lack of technical training and education

Changes in demand
Changes
in demand
Individual cases or choices
Individual
cases or choices
Lack of opportunities (Population)

Lack of opportunities (Population)

FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

KINDS OF
OF UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
KINDS
Cyclical
Cyclical
Seasonal
Seasonal
Frictional
Frictional
Structural
Structural
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

Voluntary
Voluntary

CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
CYCLICAL
involuntary
isisinvoluntary

unemploymentcreated
created
unemployment
by
business-cycle
by business-cycle
recessions.Workers
Workersdo
do
recessions.
nothave
havejobs
jobsbecause
because
not
aggregatedemand
demandand
and
aggregate
productionininthe
the
production
economyare
aredown.
down.
economy
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
SEASONAL
caused by
isiscaused
by

relativelyregular
regular
relatively
and
predictable
and predictable
declinesinin
declines
particular
particular
industriesoror
industries
occupationsover
over
occupations
thecourse
courseofofaa
the
year,often
often
year,
correspondingwith
with
corresponding
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

FRICTIONAL
FRICTIONAL
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT

temporary
isistemporary

unemploymentcreated
created
unemployment
when
workers
switch
when workers switch
jobs.ItItmay
maybe
bebecause
because
jobs.
resourcesare
areininthe
the
resources
processofofmoving
movingfrom
from
process
oneproduction
productionactivity
activity
one
another.ItItoccurs
occurs
totoanother.
becauseitittakes
takestime
timetoto
because
movebetween
between
move
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

STRUCTURALUNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT
STRUCTURAL

relativelypermanent
permanent
isisrelatively

unemploymentcreated
created
unemployment
becausethe
theskills
skillsofofthe
the
because
workers
are
not
the
same
workers are not the same
asthe
theskills
skillsneeded
neededon
on
as
thejob.
job.ItItoccurs
occursbecause
because
the
resourcesdo
donot
nothave
have
resources
thetechnological
technological
the
configuration,
skills,
or
configuration, skills, or
trainingrequired
requiredby
by
training
FRANCIS
LOUIE D. MENDOZA activity.
production
production
activity.

VOLUNTARY
VOLUNTARY
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT

situation when a
situation
when a

personisis
person
unemployed
not
unemployed not
duetoto
due
unavailabilityofof
unavailability
jobsininthe
the
jobs
economy,but
but
economy,
becauseofofnot
not
because
beingable
abletotofind
find
being
employmentofof
employment
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA

SUMMARY/CONCLUSION
SUMMARY/CONCLUSION
Not only are Third World countries characterized by higher
Not
only are Third World countries characterized by higher

rates of population growth, but they must also contend with

rates of population growth, but they must also contend with
greater dependency burdens than rich nations. This
greater dependency burdens than rich nations. This
circumstances and conditions becomes a critical issue that
circumstances and conditions becomes a critical issue that
becomes a deterrent to economic development.
becomes a deterrent to economic development.
One of the principal manifestations of and factors contributing
One
of the principal manifestations of and factors contributing
to the low levels of living in developing nations is their
to the low levels of living in developing nations is their
relatively inadequate or inefficient utilization of labor in
relatively inadequate or inefficient utilization of labor in
comparison with the developed nations. Almost 1/3 of the
comparison with the developed nations. Almost 1/3 of the
population of developing countries is unutilized of
population of developing countries is unutilized of
underutilized.
FRANCIS LOUIE D. MENDOZA
underutilized.