SOLUTION AND COLLOID

solution & colloid

No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of solution

No.3

Concentration

SOLUTION
No.4

Solution properties

No.5

Dialysis

solution & colloid

SOLUTION
No. 1

INTRODUCTION
MATTER

Definition

Classification

State of matter

Mixture
solution & colloid

Pure substance

THE STATE OF MATTER

Matter

Solid

Liquid

solution & colloid

Gas

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Matter

Mixture

Homogeneous
mixture

Pure substance

Heterogeneous
mixture

Element

solution & colloid

Compound
5

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Homogenous mixtures called solutions
And
Their distant relatives, colloidal suspensions

solution & colloid

Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of
two or more substances in which the
components are present as atoms,
molecules, or ions
These uniformly distributed particles are
too small to reflect light, and as a result
solutions are transparent (clear) light
passes through them

solution & colloid

SUBSTANCES OF SOLUTIONS
Solutions

Solute

Solvent

The substance
is dissolved in a
solvent is called
solute

The most
abundant
substance in a
solution is called
solvent
solution & colloid

SOLUTE
Solute

Electrolyte
A solute that when
dissolved in water
forms a solution
that conducts
electricity.

Nonelectrolyte
A solute that when
dissolved in water
forms a solution
that does not
conduct electricity.

solution & colloid

HEATS OF SOLUTION
Heat is usually absorbed or released when a
solute dissolves in a solvent.
1. The process is endothermic, if heat is
absorbed, and solution becomes cooler.
2. The process is exothermic, if heat is released,
and solution temperature increases.
Endothermic : Solute + Solvent + Heat
Solution (NH4NO3 in water)
Exothermic : Solute + Solvent
Solution + Heat (NaOH in water)
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No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of solution

No.3

Concentration

SOLUTION
No.4

Solution properties

No.5

Dialysis

solution & colloid

11

SOLUTION
No. 2

Types of solution

Chemical term
Saturated
Super saturated

Medical term
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
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Hypotonic, Isotonic and

Hypertonic solutions
Hypotonic solutions : the solution with the lower
concentration of solute
If the concentration of water in the medium
surrounding a cell is greater than that of the
cytosol. Water enters the cell by osmosis
Isotonic solutions : the solution being compared
have equal concentration of solutes.
When red blood cells are placed in a 0.9% salt
solution, they neither gain nor lose water by
osmosis
Hypertonic solutions : The solution with the
higher concentration of solutes.
If red cells are placed in sea water (about 3%
salt), they lose water by osmosis and the cells
shrivel up.
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Red blood cells in the Hypotonic,

Isotonic and Hypertonic solutions

Red blood cells

with hypotonic
solution

Red blood cells

with isotonic
solution

solution & colloid

Red blood cells

with hypertonic
solution

14

SATURATED AND
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS

SOLUBILITY
Soluble substances dissolve completely in
the solvent and form solution
Insoluble substances do not dissolve in the
solvent
The term immiscible is used to describe a
liquid solute that does not dissolve in a liquid
solvent
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SATURATED AND SUPERSATURATED

SOLUTIONS
A saturated solution is a solution in which the
maximum amount of solute has been dissolved
in a quantity of solvent.
A supersaturated solution is a solution in which
the amount of solute dissolved is greater than
the solute solubility.
Supersaturated solutions are usually prepared by
forming a nearly saturated solution at a high
temperature and then slowly cooling the solution
to a lower temperature at which the solubility is
lower. Such solutions are not stable. The addition
of small amount of solid solute (or even a dust
particle) will usually cause the excess solute to
crystallize out of solution until the solution
solution & colloid
16
becomes saturated.

CRYSTALLIZATION CONVERTS A SUPERSATURATED

SOLUTION TO A SATURATED SOLUTION

A supersaturated
solution

Seed crystal is added

and induces rapid
crystallization

After excess solute is

crystallized, the
remaining solution is

saturated
solution
& colloid

17

Question :
The solutions of A, B, and C have
equal concentration of Solute. What
solutions are those called if they are
compared?

Answer :
A. hypertonic solution
B. hypotonic solution
C. isotonic solution
D. saturated solution
E. super saturated solution
solution & colloid

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Question :
Which of these following techniques
that is used to separate protein?
Answer :
A. osmosis
B. dialysis

C. destruction
D. purification
E. isolation

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Question :
What is the requirement of the infuse
(the solution that is administered intra
vein to human body)?
Answer :
A. hypertonic solution
B. hypotonic solution
C. isotonic solution
D. saturated solution
E. super saturated solution
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Question :
A solution contain the solute in the
required capacity to form the balance
between solute and precipitate. What
solution is that?

Answer :
A. hypertonic solution
B. hypotonic solution
C. isotonic solution
D. saturatedsolution
E. super saturatedsolution
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Question :
What do you do to make a super
saturated solution?
Answer :
A. to increase the temperature of the
solution
B. to increase the pH of the solution
C. to add the solute of the solution
D. to add the solvent of the solution
E. to add the solute and the solvent
of the solution
solution & colloid

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No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of solution

No.3

Concentration

SOLUTION
No.4

Solution properties

No.5

Dialysis

solution & colloid

23

SOLUTION
No. 3

Concentration

Molar (M)
Molarity (M) :
a solution
concentration that is
expressed in term of
the number of moles of
solute contained in a
liter of solution.

Percent (%)
Percent : a solution
concentration that
expresses the amount
of solute in 100 parts
of solution.
continued to next slide
24

solution & colloid

Continuation :

Weight/weight percent : a concentration

that expresses the mass of solute
contained in 100 mass units of solution.
Weight/volume percent : a concentration
that expresses the grams of solute
contained in 100 ml of solution.
Volume/volume percent : a
concentration that expresses the
volume of liquid solute contained in 100
volume of solution.
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No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of solution

No.3

Concentration

SOLUTION
No.4

Solution properties

No.5

Dialysis

solution & colloid

26

SOLUTION
No. 4

SOLUTION PROPERTIES
Electrical conductivity and
colligative properties

Colligative properties
(continued to next slide)
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27

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
The properties that depend only on
the concentration of solute particles
present and not on the actual
identity of the solute.
Three closely related colligative
properties are
1. Vapor pressure (Raoult law)
2. Boiling point
3. Freezing point
4. Osmotic pressure
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28

 (Raoult law) :
PA = PoA.XA

solution & colloid

29

Question :
The freezing point is included in
the properties of ?
Answer :
A. ice
B. colligative

C. solid
D. mixture

solution & colloid

E. gas

30

The equation for calculated the boiling point or

freezing point difference between pure solvent
and solution

tb = nKbM
tf = nKfM

t is the boiling point or freezing point

difference between pure solvent and
solution.
Kb and Kf are constants characteristic of the
solvent used in the solution.
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31

for example :
Calculate the boiling and freezing
points of the following solutions
171.0 g of sugar (C12H22O11) is dissolved in enough
water to give 1.00 L of solution
Answer :
a. To fine the boiling point, calculate solution
molarity :
171.0 g (C12H22O11)

1 mol C12H22O11

342.0 g C12H22O11
= 0.50 mol C12H22O11
M = moles of solute/liters of solution = 0.50 mol/1.0 L
= 0.50 mol/L

continued to next slide

solution & colloid

32

Continuatio
n:
b. Determine n : because sugar does not
dissociate upon dissolving, n = 1.
c. tb = nKbM = (1)(0.52 0C/M)(0.50M)
= 0,26 0C
d. tf = nKfM = (1)(1.86 0C/M)(0.50M)
= 0,93 0C

solution & colloid

33

Question :
What is the increase of boiling point of
the following solution 85.50g of
C12H22O11 is dissolved in the water to
give 1.00 L of solution (the water boiling
point = 100 0C, kb of water = 0,52 0C
Answer :
A. 100.00 0C
B. 102.06 0C

C. 100.26 0C
D. 99.87 0C

solution & colloid

E. 100.13 0C

34

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Is the hydrostatic pressure required to
prevent the net flow of solvent through a
semipermeable membrane into a solution.
Osmotic pressure ()

= nMRT (vant Hoff equation)

T = temperature in Kelvins
R = the ideal gas constant
M = the solution molarity

solution & colloid

35

Question :
The osmotic pressure: = n x C x
RT is the equation of ?

Answer :
A. Arrhenius
B. Coulomb
C. vant Hoff
D. Hess
E. Henry
solution & colloid

36

Question :
What the main function of albumin in
the human body?
Answer :
A. to regulated the osmotic pressure
B. as a protein
C. to influence the filtration in the
kidney
D. to influence the blood pressure
E. as an enzyme
solution & colloid

37

Question :
Calculate the concentration of X (in
molar), if one liter of solution gives the
osmotic pressure 84.73 atmosphere R
(the ideal gas constant = 0.82 Latmosphere/degree.mole) n = 1
Answer :
A. 0.25 M
B. 0.50 M

C. 0.75 M
D. 0.90 M
solution & colloid

E. 1.00 M

38

Question :
How much osmotic pressure of one liter
solution , if is added 171.00 g of sugar?
Molecule structure of sugar : C12H22O11,
atomic weight of C = 12;
H = 1; and O = 16, initial osmotic
pressure of solution = 100 atmosphere,
the room temperature= 250C, n = 1, and
R (the ideal gas constant = 0.82
L-atmosphere/degree-mole)

Answer :
A. = 100.62 atmosphere
B. = 110.73 atmosphere
C. = 112.22 atmosphere
D. = 123.86 atmosphere
E. = 132.33 atmosphere

solution & colloid

39

OSMOSIS
The process in which solvent flows
through a semipermeable membrane
into a solution.

solution & colloid

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No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of solution

No.3

Concentration

SOLUTION
No.4

Solution properties

No.5

Dialysis

solution & colloid

41

SOLUTION
No. 5

Dialysis

Earlier we discussed semipermeable

membranes that selectively allow
solvent to pass but retain dissolved
solutes during osmosis.
Dialysis, another membrane process, is
also important in living organisms.
solution & colloid

42

Continuation

Dialyzing membranes :
A semipermeable membranes with
pores large enough to allow
solvent molecules, other small
molecules, and hydrat ions to pass
through (are semipermeable
membranes with larger pores than
osmotic membranes).
solution & colloid

43

Continuation
Dialysis : A process in which
solvent molecules, other small
molecules, and hydrat ions pass
from a solution through a
membrane (is the passage of ions
and small molecules through such
membranes).

solution & colloid

44

DIALYSIS.
This is one method of dialysis used to purify proteins
solution & colloid

45

solution & colloid

46

Question :
Which of these following methods
that can be used to purify the colloid
solution?
Option :
A. crystallization
B. distillation

C. dialysis
D. vaporization
E. isolation

solution & colloid

47

A similar technique is used to clean

the blood of people suffering kidney
mal function
The blood is pumped through tubing
made of a dialyzing membrane.
The tubing passes through a bath in
which impurities collect after passing
out of the blood.
Blood proteins and other important
large molecules remain in the blood.
solution & colloid

48

Continuation
Dialysis is most commonly used to
remove salts and other small
molecules from solutions of
macromolecules. During the
separation and purification of
biomolecules, small molecules are
added to selectively precipitate or
dissolve the desire molecule.
solution & colloid

49

Continuation
Dialysis is also useful for removing
small ions and molecules that are
weakly bound to biomolecules. Protein
cofactors such as NAD, FAD, and
metal ions can be dissociated by
dialysis. The removal of metal ions is
facilitated by the addition of a
chelating agent (EDTA) to the
dialysate.
Minerals are bound by EDTA, these
are: Ca, Fe, etc.
solution & colloid

50

No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of colloid

COLLOID
No.3

Colloid properties

solution & colloid

51

COLLOID
No. 1

INTRODUCTION :
Definition
Diameter of
colloid particle

solution & colloid

52

Definition
colloids (or colloidal suspensions)
are homogeneous mixture of two or
more components in which there is
more of one component than of the
others.
In solutions the terms solvent and
solute are used for the components,
but in colloids the terms dispersing
medium (for solvent) and dispersed
phase (for solute) are used.
solution & colloid

53

DIAMETERS OF THE DISPERSED PHASE

The dispersed phase of colloids is

made up of much larger particles
(very large molecules or small
pieces of matter) with diameters:

107 to 10 5 cm (10 1000 A)

solution & colloid

54

 Apa perbedaan antara larutan

suspensi dan koloid?

solution & colloid

55

No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of colloid

COLLOID
No.3

Colloid properties

solution & colloid

56

COLLOID
No.2

Types of colloid

solution & colloid

57

TYPES OF COLLOID
Type
Dispersin Disperse
g
d phase
medium
Gas

Liquid

Gas
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Solid

Solid
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Gas

Solid
Solid

Liquid
Solid

Name
Aerosol

Examples

Fog, aerosol sprays, some

air pollutants
Smoke, some air pollutants
Whipped cream, shaving
Foam
cream
Emulsion
Milk, mayonnaise
Sol
Solid foam Paint, ink, gelatin dessert
Marshmallow, pumice
stone, foam rubber
Butter, cheese
Pearls, opals, colored glass,
solution & colloid
58
some metal alloys

LYOPHOBIC AND LYOPHILIC SYSTEM

Colloidal solutions with a liquid as

Dispersion medium can be divided
roughly into two Categories :
1. Lyophilic Sols (Emulsoid/hidrofilik)
2. Lyophobic Sols (Suspensoid/)

solution & colloid

59

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
1.
2.
3.

THE TWO TYPES

1.

SURFACE TENSION
SIMILAR TO THAT OF
DISPERSION MEDIUM.
VISCOSITY SIMILAR TO
THAT OF MEDIUM.
SMALL QUANTITIES OF
ELECTROLYTES CAUSE
PRECIPITATION.

2.
3.

4.

4.

THE PARTICLES ARE

EASILY DETECTED IN
THE ULTRAMICROSCOPE.
5. THE PARTICLES MIGRATE
IN ONE DIRECTION IN AN
ELECTRIC FIELD.

5.

SURFACE TENSION OFTEN

LOWER THAN THAT OF
DISPERSION MEDIUM.
VISCOSITY MUCH HIGHER
THAN THAT OF MEDIUM.
SMALL QUANTITIES OF
ELECTROLYTES HAVE
LITTLE EFFECT, BUT
LARGE AMOUNTS MAY
CAUSE SALTING OUT.
THE PARTICLES CANNOT
BE READILY DETECTED IN
THE ULTRAMICROSCOPE.
THE PARTICLES MAY
MIGRATE IN EITHER
DIRECTION OR NOT AT
ALL IN ELECTRICAL FIELD.

solution & colloid

60

Question :
What is the cheese colloid system?

Answer :
A. emulsion
B. solid emulsion
C. foam
D. liquid aerosol
E. solid foam
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61

Question :
What is the milk colloid system?

Answer :
A. emulsion
B. solid emulsion
C. foam aerosol
D. liquid
E. solid foam

solution & colloid

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No.1

INTRODUCTION

No.2

Types of colloid

COLLOID
No.3

Colloid properties

solution & colloid

63

COLLOID
No.3

Colloid properties

TYNDALL EFFECT

COLLOID
FORMATION

BROWNIAN
MOVEMENT

COLLOID
DESTRUCTION

EMULSIFYING AGENTS OR
& colloid
STABILIZINGsolution
AGENTS

64

TYNDALL EFFECT
When a beam of light passes
through them, they will be scattered
the light, and the path of the light
becomes visible.
And hence it is generally called the
Tyndall effect.

solution & colloid

65

sourc
e

colloi
d

CuSO

Fe(OH)

The light beam passes from left to right through

a purple gold sol (a colloid), a blue copper
sulfate solution, and colloidal iron (III) hydroxide.
The light path can be seen in both colloids, but
solution & colloid
66
not in the copper sulfate
solution.

BROWNIAN MOVEMENT

As is to be expected, because of
their small size, colloidal particles
are seen in the ultramicroscope to
display vigorous Brownian
movement.

solution & colloid

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COLLOID FORMATION AND

DESTRUCTION
Much of the interest in colloids is related to
their formation or destruction.
Colloid particles tend to attract and absorb
ions that are present in the dispersing
medium.
The charge (+ or -) of the adsorbed ions
depends on the nature of the colloid, but all
colloid particles within a particular system will
attract only one charge or the other.
This repulsion help prevent the particles from
coalescing into aggregates large enough to
settle out.
solution & colloid

68

EMULSIFYING AGENTS OR
STABILIZING AGENTS
Emulsifying agents is substances that
stabilize the colloids (prevented from
coalescing)
For examples :
1. Egg : the compound in the egg
yolk acting as the emulsifying
agents
2. Soaps and detergents
3. Etc (CMC = carboxyl methyl cellulose )
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