MODELING CONTROL

SYSTEMS
ELECTRIC NETWORK
&
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

OBJECTIVES
Find a mathematical model, called a
transfer function for linear, time
invariant electrical, mechanical and
electromechanical systems

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

ELECTRIC NETWORK
Apply transfer function to
mathematical modeling of electrical
circuit including passive Network and
Op-Amp circuit.
Equivalent circuits for the electric
networks that we work with first
consist of three passive linear
components: resistors, capacitors
and inductors.
Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

ELECTRIC NETWORK
Table 4.1 summarizes the components and
the relationships between voltage and
current and between current and charge
under zero initial conditions.
From these relationships, we can write the
differential equations for the circuit using
Khirchhoffs laws.
Then we can take the Laplace transforms of
the differential equations and finally solve
for the transfer function.
Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

ELECTRIC NETWORK
Or we can use transform methods:
loop or mesh analysis Kirchhoffs
voltage law
nodal analysis Kirchhoffs current law

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

ELECTRIC NETWORK

Table 4.1
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ELECTRIC NETWORK
Simple, Single Loop Electric Network
Mesh analysis
Via the differential equation
Via transform method

Nodal analysis
Via transform method

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

ELECTRIC NETWORK
Example 1:- Find the transfer
function relating the capacitor
voltage, VC(s) to the input voltage,
V(s), in Figure 4.1.
Answers:-

VC ( s )

V (s)

Figure 4.1
Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

1 / LC
R
1
s2 s
L
LC

ELECTRIC NETWORK
Repeat the example using mesh
analysis and transform methods
without writing a differential
equation.
Repeat the example using nodal
analysis and transform methods
without writing a differential
equation.
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ELECTRIC NETWORK
Complex Circuit
mesh analysis
via transform method

nodal analysis
via transform method

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ELECTRIC NETWORK
Example 2:- Given the network of
Figure 4.2, find the transfer function,
I2(s) / V(s).

Figure 4.2

Answer:-

I 2 (s)
LCs 2
G(s)

V ( s ) ( R1 R2 ) LCs 2 ( R1 R2 C L) s R1
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ELECTRIC NETWORK
Notice that we can use these
Sum of
Sum
of
Sum of applied
equations:
_ Impedances
Impedances
around Mesh 1

Sum of
Impedances
around Mesh 1

I1(s
)

I1(
s)

common to the
two meshes

Sum of
_ Impedances
common to the
two meshes

I2(s =
)

I2(s
)

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

voltages around
Mesh 1

Sum of applied
voltages around
Mesh 1

ELECTRIC NETWORK
Example 3:- Find the transfer
function, VC(s)/V(s), for the circuit in
Figure 4.2.
G1G2
Answers:s
V (s)
C

V (s)

C
G1G2 L C
G2
2
(G1 G2 ) s
s
LC
LC

where G1 = 1/R1 and G2 = 1/R2

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ELECTRIC NETWORK
Notice that we can use these
equations: Sum of
Sum of
admittances
connected to
Node 1

Sum of
_ admittances
common to the
two nodes

VL(s
)

admittances
common to the
two nodes

Sum of
+ admittances
VL(s connected to
Node 2

VC(
s)

VC(s =
)

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

Sum of applied
currents at
Node 1

Sum of applied
currents at
Node 2

ELECTRIC NETWORK
Example 4:- Write the mesh
equations for the network shown in
Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3

Answer :
+(2s+2)I1(s) (2s+1)I2(s)
I3 (s) = V(s)
(2s+1) I1(s) + (9s+1)
I2(s) 4s I3 (s) = 0
I1(s) 4s I2(s) +
(4s+1+1/s) I3 (s) = 0
Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

OP-AMP

4.4
SazuanFigure
BEKC 3533
120112012

OP-AMP
Basic Op-Amp: Op amp (Figure 4.4
(a))has the following characteristics: Differential input, V2 (t) V1 (t)
High input impedance, Zi = (ideal)
Low output impedance, Zo = 0 (ideal)
High constant gain amplification, A =
(ideal)

Therefore, the output, Vo(t) = A[V2(t)

V1(t)]
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OP-AMP
Inverting Op-Amp: If V2(t) is
grounded, the amplifier is called an
inverting op-amp as shown in Figure
4.4(b).
Therefore, Vo(t) = AV1(t)
If two impedance are connected to
the inverting op-amp as shown in
Figure 4.4(c) , and if the input
impedance is high, Ia(s) = 0 and I1(s)
= I (s).
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OP-AMP
Since A (gain) is large, V1(t) 0. Thus
I1(s) = Vi(s)/Z1(s) and
I2(s) = Vo/Z2(s). Equating two
current and we get the transfer
function of inverting op-amp is
Vo(s)/Vi(s) = Z2(s)/Z1(s).

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

OP-AMP

Figure
4.5

Non-Inverting Op Amp: From Figure

4.5, we get Vo(s)=A(Vi(s) V1(s))
Z1 (s)
Vo ( s )
Z1 (s) Z 2 (s)

Using voltage division,

V1

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OP-AMP
Vo ( s )
A

Vi ( s ) 1 AZ 1 ( s ) /( Z 1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s ))

For large A, we disregard unity in

denominator, thus
Vo ( s ) Z 1 ( s ) Z 2 ( s )

Vi ( s )
Z1 (s)

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

OP-AMP
Example 5: - Find the transfer
function, Vo (s)/Vi (s), for the circuit
given in Figure 4.6.

Answer:Figure 4.6

Vo ( s )
s 2 45.95s 22.55

1.232
Vi ( s )
s

Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

OP-AMP
Example 6: - Find the transfer
function, Vo(s)/Vi(s) for the circuit
given in Figure 4.7.
Figure 4.6

Answer:-

Vo ( s ) C 2 C1 R2 R1 s 2 (C 2 R2 C1 R2 C1 R1 ) s 1

Vi ( s )
C 2 C1 R2 R1 s 2 (C 2 R2 C1 R1 ) s 1
Sazuan BEKC 3533 120112012

THOUGHT OF THE DAY

What is your contribution towards
energy conservation?

-THE
ENDSazuan BEKC 3533 120112012