GROUP 2

SLOPE FAILURE IN UKM

BANGI
TEAM MEMBERS:

NAME

STUDENT ID

JEEVITHRA RAJASEGARAN

A151948

MUNIROH BT BAHARIN@BAHADON

A149001

AMALIN NUR FATIHAH BT ZAIRI

A149890

KAMEROL SHUFIAN B CHE RUS

A148660

LECTURER: IR. DR ANUAR

KASA

INTRODUCTION
Slope failure occurs when the downward movements of material due to

gravity and shear stresses exceeds the shear strength.

People increasingly greedy explore and open up new areas for various
uses. Malaysia national universities Bangi campus also the hilly areas
before.
The area explored and its terrace for building construction. This led to
the loss of authenticity and contaminated soil.
Construction of buildings and infrastructure has disturbed the soil
ecosystem in UKM Bangi Campus. This is because the natural soil
conditions were disturbed by the activities of construction activity.
Slope failure problems can be a big effect to the safety of life and
property. Slope that had a big risk for collapse must be solved by
strengthening the slope of the corresponding method that make it
secure.
The weather was dry and humid Malaysia also be factored into the
control slope conditions.
Drainage systems in UKM is an important factor because the position of
each region is not the same level. There have been repaired and there
are still ruins left because the level is still in its infancy.

LOCATION OF
RESEARCH

Location:Near FST

VEGETATION

GEOLOGICAL
DISCONTINUITIE
S

EFFECT OF
WATER
GEOMETRY
SLOPE

FACTORS
AFFECTING
SLOPE
FAILURE

EROSION
TEMPERATURE

STATE OF
STRESS

GEOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITIES
A discontinuity can be in the form of a

bedding plane, foliation (any planar

arrangement of mineral grains or structural
features within a rock), joint, cleavage,
fracture, crack, or fault plane and controls the
type of failure which may occur in a rock
slope.
The properties of discontinuities : orientation,
persistence, roughness and infilling are play
important role in the stability of jointed rock
slope.
It makes a soil or rock mass anisotropic

The orientation of a major geological

discontinuity also controls the possibility of

unstable conditions and its determines the
shape of the individual blocks.
Orientation of a discontinuity can be defined
by its dip (maximum inclination to the
horizontal) and dip direction (direction of the
horizontal trace of the line of dip, measured
clockwise from north).

EFFECT OF WATER
ground water or aquifer below the surface that

generates pore water pressure and the other is

rainwater infiltration that seeps through surface and
flows along the slope generating water pressure.
In medium to hard rock, water occupying the
fractures within the rock mass can significantly
reduce the stability of a rock slope.
Water pressure acting within a discontinuity reduces
the effective normal stress acting on the plane, thus
reducing the shear strength along that plane.

Addition of water from rainfall adds weight to

the slope and ground water also exists nearly

everywhere beneath the earth surface.
Water fills the pore spaces between the
grains or fractures in the rock then can seep
into discontinuity present in the rock mass
replacing the air in the pore space thus
increasing the weight of the soil. It leads to
increase in effective stress resulting into
failure of the slope.

STATE OF STRESS
High horizontal stresses acting roughly

perpendicular to a cut slope may cause blocks

to move outward due to the stress relief
provided by the cut.
High horizontal stresses may also cause
spilling [break (core, rock, stone or concrete)
into smaller pieces] of the surface of a cut
slope.
The stored stresses is most likely be relieved
to some degree near the ground surface or
perpendicular to slope walls.

GEOMETRY SLOPE
The critical height of slope depends on shear strength,

density and bearing capacity of the slope foundation.

Slope stability generally decreases with increase in
height of slope. As the slope height increases, the
shear stress within toe of slope increases due to
added weight.
Shear stress is also related to the mass of the material
and the slope angle.
With increasing slope angle, the tangential stress
increases which result in increase in shear stress thus
reducing its stability

TEMPERATURE
Large temperature changes can cause rock to

spall due to the accompanying contraction

and expansion.
Freezing of water in discontinuities causes
more significant damage by loosening the
rock mass. Repeated freeze cycles may result
in gradual loss of strength.
However, in a few cases, surface
deterioration could trigger slope instability on
a larger scale.

EROSION
Erosion caused by groundwater or surface runoff.
Erosion changes the geometry of the potentially unstable rock

mass.
The removal of material at the toe of a potential slide reduces
the confining stress that may be stabilizing the slope.
Localized erosion of joint filling material, or zones of weathered
rock, can effectively decrease interlocking between adjacent
rock blocks. Loss of such interlocking significantly reduces the
rock mass shear strength.
The resulting decrease in shear strength may allow a previously
stable rock mass to move causing slope failure.
In addition, localized erosion may also result in increased
permeability and ground-water flow thus affecting the stability of
rock slope.

VEGETATION
Plant roots provide a strong interlocking network to hold

unconsolidated materials together and prevent flow.

plants are very effective in removing water from the soil, thus
increasing the shear strength. Although, the extra weight of plants
may cause a slight destabilizing effect if the root network is of
limited extent, the overall vegetation increases stability of a slope.
Different types of vegetation like grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees
are used to stabilize the slope stability and reinforcement of the soil .
Grasses are quick to establish, versatile and cheap and have wide
range of tolerance, with dense cover but shallow rooting requiring
regular maintenance.
Herbs have deeper rooting, nitrogen fixers, compatible with grasses
but they have expensive seed, difficult establishment and winter
dieback

Shrubs have deeper rooting and robust and cheap

requiring low maintenance. It offers substantial

ground cover and available in many ever green
species.
Trees have substantial rooting, low maintenance but
require long time to establish and are slow growing.
The relative effectiveness of these different
vegetation patterns in a specific locale is a function
of quality of vegetation, topography, slope, and
hydrology, geology, and soils characteristics.
The loss or removal of slope vegetation can result in
either increased rates of erosion or higher
frequencies of slope failure.

EFFECT ON SLOPE
FAILURE

Road accidents caused by collision of cars and also slope crashing

on cars will bring a huge impact on humans life (students,

lecturers, parents, etc.).
Slope failures leaves damage on the greenery in the particular
compound as trees do collapse due to the slope pressure on trees.
Climate changes: becomes hotter where the temperature increases
due to lack of trees in the particular area.
Slope failures causes the environment to be polluted. When a slope
fails, sediments are released to the air which causes more dust in
the air. The dust in the air leads to diseases like asthma,
conjunctivitis and much more.
Furthermore, the roads becomes uneven due to cracks on particular
roads caused by the impact of the fall of the slope.
Slope failures also causes heavy traffic which leads to more
accidents. Not forgetting the extinction of animals (monkeys, tree
squirrels, birds, etc.) due to loss of their habitat.
Slope failures can lead to flood during rainy seasons. This brings
much harder impact to the road users.

TYPE OF SLOPE FAILURE

Falls
These are characterized by movement away from existing

discontinuities, such as joints, fissures, steeply-inclined bedding

planes, fault planes, etc. and within which the slope failure
assisted or precipitated by the effects of water or ice pressure

Slope fall near FST

Slides
(a) Translational slides happen when there is
linear movement of rocks blocks along soil
layer or surface lying near to the (sloping)
surface (Roy, 2001). These movements are
normally fairly shallow and parallel to the
surface as translational slide.

(b)Rotational slips occur in homogeneous soft

rocks or cohesive soils. The movement takes

place along the curved shear surface in such a
way that the slipping mass slumps down near
the top of the slope and bulges up near the
toe.

Picture around kpz

Picture around FKAB new building

Flows
The soil at surface moves partially or wholly as a fluid. The
flowing mass often exists in weak saturated soils when the
pore pressure has increased plus decreasing the shear
strength of soil.

picture around Permata Pintar

Picture around FST

Picture around KPZ

SOLUTION
BIOTECHNICAL SLOPE STABILIZATION
Live cut brush, woody stems, and roots can be used to
create a stable, composite earth mass.
The functional value of vegetation in this regard has now
been well established.
Biotechnical stabilization refers to the integrated or
combined use of living vegetation and inert structural
components.
Live cuttings and stems are purposely planted and
arranged in the ground where they serve as soil
reinforcements, horizontal drains, and barriers to earth
movement.
The live cut stems and branches provide immediate
reinforcement.

Sheet Piling
Sheet piling is an earth retention and excavation

support technique that retains soil, using steel

sheet sections with interlocking edges.
Sheet piles are installed in sequence to design
depth along the planned excavation perimeter or
seawall alignment.
The interlocked sheet piles form a wall for
permanent or temporary lateral earth support
with reduced groundwater inflow.
Anchors can be included to provide additional
lateral support if required.

Sheet pile walls have been used to support

excavations for below grade parking structures,

basements, pump houses, and foundations,
construct cofferdams, and to construct seawalls and
bulkheads.
Permanent steel sheet piles are designed to
provide a long service life.
Vibratory hammers are used to install sheet piles.
If soils are too hard or dense, an impact hammer
can be used to complete the installation.
At certain sites where vibrations are a concern, the
sheets can be hydraulically pushed into the ground.
Sheet piles are also a sustainable option since
recycled steel is used in their construction, and the
piles can often be reused.

Shot Crete
Shot Crete is, in effect, a version of a cast-in-place concrete wall.

Rather than placing concrete into forms, however, a fresh mix is

sprayed onto wall panels that have been erected in the shape of the
building.
A nozzle man applies concrete from a pressurized hose to surround the
reinforcement and build up the wall thickness, forming structural
shapes that include walls, floors, roofs, and other.
This material has also been called gunite in reference to the nozzle
or gun used to shoot material at the form face.
Shotcrete systems have advantages similar to all other concrete walls.
They are strong, durable, and resistant to disasters, fires, mould,
insects and vermin, and have low permeability, good thermal mass,
and create tight envelopes.
Although the hardened properties of shotcrete are similar to
conventional cast-in-place concrete.
Its benefits are very fast erection, particularly on complex forms or
shapes, including curved walls and arches.
Shotcrete is a cost effective building method due to the speed of
construction and minimal equipment requirements.

Geogrid
Ageogridisgeosyntheticsmaterial used to reinforce soils and

similar materials. Geogrids are commonly used to

reinforceretaining walls, as well as subbases or subsoils below
roads or structures.
Soils pull apart under tension. Compared to soil, geogrids are
strong in tension and allows them to transfer forces to a larger
area of soil than would otherwise, the slopes fail.
the openings between the adjacent sets of longitudinal and
transverse ribs, called apertures, are large enough to allow for
soil strike-through from one side of the geogrid to the other.

In ukm, geogrig is applied at the filures slope infront of

FSSK.there was already covered with grass.

Retaining Wall
Retaining wallsare structures designed to restrain soil to

unnatural slopes.
used to bound soils between two different elevations often
in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas
where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and
engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming
or roadway overpasses.
The most important consideration in proper design and
installation of retaining walls is to recognize and counteract
the tendency of the retained material to move downslope
due togravity.

Gravity wall
Standard wall type that holds the earth mainly through its
own weight. Can pivot and topples relatively easily, as
the internal weight of the earth pressure is very high.
Piling wall
Using long piles, this wall is fixed by soil on both sides of
its lower length. If the piles themselves can resist the
bending forces, this wall can take high loads.
Cantilever wall
The cantilever wall (which may also extend in the other
direction) uses the same earth pressure trying to topple it
to stabilize itself with a second lever arm.
Anchored wall
This wall keeps itself from toppling by having cables
driven into the soil or rock, fixed by expanding anchors
(can be combined with other types of walls).

Terracing/Benching
Abenchorbench landis a long, relatively
narrow strip of relatively level or gently
inclined land that is bounded by distinctly
steeper slopes above and below it.

Gabion Retaining Wall

Gabion are used to manage stream banks or slopes against erosion. Other

uses include retaining walls, temporary floodwalls, silt filtration from

runoff, for small or temporary or permanent dams, river training, or
channel lining. They may be used to direct the force of a flow of flood
water around a vulnerable structure.
A gabion wall is a retaining wall made of stacked stone-filled gabions tied
together with wire. Gabion walls are usually battered (angled back towards
the slope), or stepped back with the slope, rather than stacked vertically.
Gabion baskets have some advantages over loose riprap because of their
modularity and ability to be stacked in various shapes; they are also
resistant to being washed away by moving water. Gabions also have
advantages over more rigid structures, because they can conform to
subsidence, dissipate energy from flowing water, and drain freely. Their
strength and effectiveness may increase with time in some cases, as silt
and vegetation fill the interstitial voids and reinforce the structure.
The structure will fail when the wire fails. Galvanized steel wire is most
common, but PVC-coated and stainless steel wire are also used. PVCcoated galvanized gabions have been estimated to survive for 60 years.
Some gabion manufacturers guarantee a structural consistency of 50
years.

SOLUTION USED IN UKM

LESSON LEARNT

Ethics value
Ethics is the science of what is good and what
is bad and moral rights and responsibilities.
Ethics is the science about how and why we
follow a certain moral teachings or how we
should take a responsible attitude in dealing
with various moral teachings.
Ethical values learned from this project is
cooperative.(Team members,Lecturers)
Respect each other.
Time management.

Professionalism value
Professionalism is a behaviour, a goal or a set of
qualities that mark or delineate the form of a
"profession".
Professionalism also contains the notion of a
profession run for profit or as a source of livelihood.
Besides the terms of professionalism, there is a
term that profession. Professionals often do we
mean by "work" or "job" of our day-to-day.
But the words that come from the treasury
profession Angglo Saxon not only contained the
definition of "work" only.
Profession requires not only specialized knowledge
and expertise through preparation and practice, but
in the sense of "profession" glued also a "call".