Mechanical Engineering Science 5: Revision

Mechanical Engineering Science 5
Revision
Dr. Mehdi Nazarinia (F-18)

M.Nazarinia@hw.ac.uk
Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE
What we will learn

Section #1: Fluids and their
properties
Section #2: Fluid Statics
(also called hydrostatics)
Section #3: Flow in

Pipeline Components
Fluids and
their properties
Absolute Pressure vs. Gauge Pressure

0
Pressure, Pa
Absolute (Actual) Pressure
p abs patm p gauge

Atmospheric
Gauge
Pressure, patm
Pressure, pgauge
Absolute
Suction
Pressure
p atm 1.013 10 5 N / m 2
1.013bar
4
1013
mbar
Definition of a Fluid
A fluid can be defined in several ways; two useful
definitions are:
1. Fluid is matter that distorts to occupy the shape
of the volume that encloses it
2. Fluid is matter that cannot sustain a shear stress
while remaining at rest.
You cannot drag your finger along without
causing it to flow.
3. Fluid is a substance that continually deforms
(flows) under an applied shear stress.
Properties of Fluids
The density, , of a fluid is the mass of fluid contained
within a unit volume, and may be defined as:
kg m3
V
The specific weight, w or , is the weight of fluid per

unit volume and is defined as:
w g
N m3
The specific gravity, s, of a fluid is the ratio of its

specific weight to the specific weight of water.
wf
ww
SG
Properties of Fluids: Viscosity

Similar to the modulus
of rigidity of a solid.
Links the deformation
of a right angle in a
fluid to the shear
stress applied to it.
Solid deforms by a
fixed amount whereas
a
fluid
continually
deforms.
d
In a fluid, the shear

stress is proportional
to the strain rate,
NOT the strain.
dt
Fluids: Forces and Deformation
x u u t x ut ut
tan
( y y ) y
d du

dt dy
d

dt
du

dy
Shear strain: the

deformation to the
right angle.
Properties of Fluids: Compressibility

The degree of compressibility of a substance is
characterised by its bulk modulus of elasticity, k,
which is defined as:
Pressure Increment
k
Compressive Volume Strain
dp
k
dV
dp
V
dV
Fluid Statics
(hydrostatics)
10
Cross-sectional Area, A
Pressure
ps
P(y)
P(y)
W
pb
11
Pressure
Fluid at a given depth must support
the weight of fluid above it
As depth increases, fluid must
support a greater weight of fluid
above it
Therefore, pressure increases with
depth
12
Pressure vs. Liquid Height

pb A ps A W
W mg
m V Ay
pb ps gy
13
Hydrostatic Force
Hydrostatic Force on Element
F pressure area Pby
P gy
F gbyy
h
Fh gy bdy
0
gbh 2
Fh
2
14
Magnitude of Hydrostatic Force

General Rule
Fh Pressure at Centroid Area

This applies to:
Horizontal Surfaces
Vertical Surfaces
Inclined Surfaces
15
Location of Hydrostatic Force
yp
c
Fh
Pressure Distribution
Hydrostatic Force
yC
Magnitude
Fh
Line of Action
y p y yC
16
h
y
2
Centre of Pressure
General Rule
IXc
yc
Ay
y c Distance of Centre of Pressure below Centroid

IXc 2nd Moment
of Area about axis displaced from Centroid
Surface Area
Parallel Distance from Centroid to Fluid Surface

17
Pressure at depth for Fluids of

Variable Density
p p A pA mg
ps
m Ay
P(y)
p
p p
P(y)
p p A pA Ay g
y
pb
g
y
dp
g
dy
18
Forces on Submerged Bodies

x
F
y
F pA pR gy zs
19

x
FH p R gy zy
H 0
y
20

x
FV pR gy zx
FV 0
U p R gyb zx
pR gyt zx
U g yb yt zx
U gV
U gV
21
Buoyancy Forces
Archimedes Principle
A body experiences an up thrust (force)

equal to the weight of fluid displaced
The up thrust acts through the centroid
of the displaced volume
22
Pressure Measurement: Manometer

U-Tube Manometer
p y p B ghB
Process fluid
hA
p y A ghA
hB
y
Manometer fluid
23
Pressure Measurement: Manometer

U-Tube Manometer Different Liquids
Fluid B
1
P p1 p2
p x p 2 P B g h y
p x p2 B gy A gh
P gh A B
Fluid A
24
Flow in
pipeline components
25
Introduction: Pipeline Flows

Fluid Dynamics: Study of fluids in motion.
Fluids may have to be transported (distribution of
water and gas supplies)
Fluids used for heating or cooling purposed

(domestic heating systems)
All of them require knowledge of how fluids

pass through lengths of pipes, valves, orifice
plates and other pipeline components.
Topic of this section!

26
Introduction: Pipeline Flows

In analysing these components:
Knowing the inlet conditions to the
component, i.e. the pressure and velocity,
and wanting to establish the exit conditions
of pressure and velocity.
To do this: Solving Energy, Mass & Momentum
equations.
27
Continuity Equation
m t Ax
x
u
t
x
m Au
28
Continuity Equation
For Steady Flow:
1 A1u1 2 A2u2
Au constant
For Incompressible Flow:
uA constant
m /s
Q uA
3
Continuity Equation
29
The Energy Equation

p1
p2
u12
u22
m t
q gz1 CT1 m t
W gz 2 CT2
2
2

p1 u12
p2 u22
gz1
gz 2 C T2 T1 W q
2
2
p1 u12
p2 u 22
gz1
gz 2 C T2 T1 q
2
2
30
The Energy Equation

Ideal flow is one with zero viscosity and
undergoes zero change in entropy when it flows.
for incompressible flow: this corresponds
to isothermal & adiabatic
(q=0 & T2=T1)
For an ideal flow, the energy loss is zero and you
get the following:
Bernoulli Equation:
p1 u12
p2 u 22
gz1
gz2
2
2
31
The Energy Equation

Real flow is one that has viscosity.
Viscosity causes the fluid to dissipate energy to
internal energy.
The resultant temperature rise is usually small.
The energy losses due to friction should be taken
into account.
The energy loss is therefore detached from the
temperature rise and included as energy lost to
the purpose, . Thus:
p1 u12
p2 u 22
q C T2 T1
gz1
gz 2
2
32
Some Terminology Associated With

Flowing Fluids
2
1
2
2
p1 u
p2 u
gz1
gz 2
2
33

Flowing Fluids
Another form of the Energy Equation:
p1 u12
p2 u 22
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
g
The Static Pressure Head
The Dynamic Head
The Hydrostatic Head
The Head Loss
u2
2g
p
g
The Total or Stagnation Head
p u2
z
g 2 g
34

Flowing Fluids
Another form of the Energy Equation:
u12
u22
p1
gz1 p2
gz 2
2
2
The Static Pressure
u 2
The Dynamic Pressure
2
The Hydrostatic Pressure gz
The Pressure Loss
u 2
gz
The Total or Stagnation Pressure p
2
35
The Momentum Equation

The motion of a solid particle can be
predicted if the forces acting on it are
known. Predicting this motion requires the
application of Newtons second law:
Within a frame of reference that is either fixed or
moving with a constant velocity, the momentum of a
particle will increase in the direction of, and in
proportion to, the net applied force.
d
forces n momentum n
dt
36

Total force on Fluid (in the x-direction) is:
u
m
Similarly, the force in the y-direction is:
v
m
37

These net forces are resultants of many
applied forces:
The normal force exerted by the container
on the fluid
The shear force exerted by the container on
the fluid
The force due to gravity
The forces exerted by the fluid upstream of
the container
The forces exerted by the fluid downstream
of the container
38
Ideal Flow
Errors:
1. The flow does not follow the nozzle geometry
exactly. The flow area at point 2 is therefore
not exactly the same as the pipe area. This
can be corrected for by introducing the
contraction coefficient Cc.
CC
A flow
Ageometric
0.99
39
Ideal Flow
Errors:
2. A change in velocity distribution occurs. When the
fluid particles are accelerated from point 1 to point 2,
a different distribution of velocity is obtained at 2. This
can be corrected for by introducing the velocity
coefficient Cv.
Vactual
CV
0.9
Vtheory
3.
There is some fluid friction in the nozzle. The effect of

this is included in the velocity coefficient.
40
Ideal Flow
The Continuity Equation was derived on the basis
that:
QA u
flow
flow
However the actual Volume Flow Rate is:
Q CC A2 CV u2 Cd A2u2
The coefficient Cd is referred to as the discharge
coefficient and is related to the other coefficients
via
C C C
d
41
Flow in Pipes
A Dx
x ut
F w A wDx wDut
42
Flow in Pipes
The work done to move the fluid through the
section of pipe is:
w Fx wall Dutx
The work done per unit mass of fluid (energy loss)
is:
wall Dux 4 wall x

m t
D
m m t
43
Flow in Pipes
If the wall shear stress is constant, the energy
loss can be integrated over a pipe length, L, to
give:
4 wall L
Since the wall shear stress is a difficult quantity to

obtain, a friction factor , f, is therefore defined to
relate the wall shear stress to the dynamic
pressure:
2
2
wall
u
f
2
4 fL u

D 2
44
Note on Energy Loss

Energy loss can also be represented as pressure
or head loss as necessary:
e.g.
4 fL u
Head Loss
g
D 2g
4 fL u
Pressure Loss
D 2
45
The Reynolds Number

The ratio is known as the
Reynolds Number,
Re
and is a fundamental
characteristic of flow in
which inertial and viscous
forces are present.
uD
Re
density
D length parameter
u velocity
viscosity
46
The Reynolds Number

For flows in which inertia and viscous forces are the
most significant, Reynolds Number is the parameter
used to compare experimental observations.
High Reynolds Number Inertia Forces dominate
Low Reynolds Number Viscous Forces dominate
Inertia Forces
Re
Viscous Forces
For flows with geometric similarity, the same
Reynolds number describes the flow regimes.
47
Pipe Flows
If the Reynolds number is below 2000, the flow is
laminar and the friction factor is given by:
16
f
Re
If the Reynolds number is above 2000, the flow is
turbulent and the friction factor in a smooth pipe
is given by:
0.079
f 0.25
Re
48
riction Factor
49
Other Configurations
The Hydraulic Diameter:
4 AF
4 Flow Area
DH
Wetted Perimeter
PW
Only used for determining the effect of friction.
The actual flow area is used for determining
velocities.
50
Flow in Pipeline Components

Pipeline components:
Change the pipe size
and/or
Change the flow direction
Components that have a non-streamlined

geometry
produce eddies
Eddies can dissipate a significant quantity of
energy
51
Flow
in
Pipeline
Components
Eddy-based losses usually occur in
Pipeline components, such as:
Abrupt enlargement
Orifice plate
Abrupt contraction
Valve
52
Flow in an Abrupt Enlargement
A1
k 1
A
3
The loss coefficient is a function of geometry only!

If the pipe were to discharge into a large tank, where
A3 >> A1, then k=1 and all of the fluids kinetic energy
would be dissipated
53
Flow through an Orifice Plate

u2 Cv u2ideal
A2 Cc AOrifice
1
k
CC
A1
A
O
54
Flow in an Abrupt Contraction
A2 Cc A3
k
1
CC
55
Other Fittings
The table gives values for k values for globe and
gate valves:
Gate
Gate
Gate
Valve Globe
Gate
Type (Open) (Open) ( Open) ( Open) ( Open)
10
0.2
0.38
0.28
56
0.14
Question 1(a)
57
Solution 1(a)
Fh ,oil
oil ghoil2 b
Fh,w
w ghw2b
2
5 Marks
Take Moments about O:

Fh ,oil
hoil
hw
Fh ,w
Rd
3
3
5 Marks
58
Solution 1(a)
Fh ,oil hoil Fh ,w hw
R
3d
3
oil ghoil
b w ghw3 b gb
3
oil hoil
w hw3
6d
6d
9.81 1
R
850 53 1000 33
65
9.81
106250 27000 25.9 kN m
R
30
5 Marks
59
Question 1(b)
What is the minimum depth of oil that will
ensure the hinged plate does not open and
spill water into the oil tank?
60
Solution 1(b)
Fh ,oil
hoil
hw
Fh ,w
3
3
5 Marks
3
oil ghoil
b w ghw3 b
2
2
hoil 3
w hw3 3 1000 27
3.167m
oil
850
Oil Depth therefore is 7.167m

5 Marks
61
Question 2(a)
A jet of water (diameter, D = 35mm) flows
at a rate of 4.8kg/s over an equiangular
wedge as indicated in the diagram.
Calculate the proportion of the flow that
passes over the top of the wedge if a lift
force of 11N is generated.
62
Solution 2(a)
m Au
4m
4 4.8
u
5m s
2
2
D 1000 0.035
4 Marks
Flift Fy m u y
Fy X m u2 sin 30 15 1 X m u2 sin 30 15
63
Solution 2(a)
Xm u2 sin 45 Xm u2 sin 15 11 m u2 sin 15
Xm u2 sin 45 sin 15 11 m u2 sin 15
11 m u2 sin 15
X
m u2 sin 45 sin 15
11 4.8 5 sin 15
17.21
X
0.74
4.8 5 sin 45 sin 15 23.18
X 74%
5 Marks
64
Question 2(b)
What is the corresponding drag force on
the wedge?
65
Solution 2(b)
Fdrag Fx m u x
Fx X m u2 cos 30 15 u1 1 X m u2 cos 30 15 u1
5 Marks
Fx 0.74 4.8 5 cos 45 5 0.26 4.8 5 cos15 5
Fx 5.20 0.21 5.41N
66
Question 3
What pressure must a pump deliver to
supply a water flow rate of 12kg/s through
a 45cm diameter concrete pipe ( =
0.9mm) to a reservoir?
The reservoir is located at a height of 2m

above the pump and is angled at 5 to the
horizontal.
water = 1000 kg/m3; water = 1.002 x10-3
67
Ns/m2
Solution 3
D 2u
m Au
4
4m
4 12
u
0.075 m s
2
2
D
1000 0.45
3 Marks
uD 1000 0.075 0.45

Re
33885
3
1.002 10
4 Marks
68
Solution 3
0.9
0.002
D 450
3 Marks
Use Moody Diagram to find the friction

factor:
f 0.007
4 Marks
2
L
22.95m
sin 5
2 Marks
69
/D = 2 x 10-3
f = 0.007
Re = 3.4x 104
70
Solution 3
4 fL u 2
4 0.007 22.95 0.0752
hf
D 2g
0.45
2 9.81
h f 0.0004m
4 Marks
P g (h h f )
P 1000 9.81(2 0.0004) 19.6kPa
5 Marks
71

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Mechanical Engineering Science 5: Revision

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Mechanical Engineering Science 5

Dr. Mehdi Nazarinia (F-18)

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

What we will learn

Section #3: Flow in

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Absolute Pressure vs. Gauge Pressure

p abs patm p gauge

The specific weight, w or , is the weight of fluid per

The specific gravity, s, of a fluid is the ratio of its

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Properties of Fluids: Viscosity

In a fluid, the shear

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Fluids: Forces and Deformation

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Shear strain: the

Properties of Fluids: Compressibility

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Pressure vs. Liquid Height

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

F pressure area Pby

Magnitude of Hydrostatic Force

Fh Pressure at Centroid Area

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Location of Hydrostatic Force

y c Distance of Centre of Pressure below Centroid

Parallel Distance from Centroid to Fluid Surface

Pressure at depth for Fluids of

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Forces on Submerged Bodies

Forces on Submerged Bodies

Forces on Submerged Bodies

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

A body experiences an up thrust (force)

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Pressure Measurement: Manometer

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Pressure Measurement: Manometer

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Introduction: Pipeline Flows

Fluids used for heating or cooling purposed

All of them require knowledge of how fluids

Topic of this section!

Introduction: Pipeline Flows

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

The Energy Equation

The Energy Equation

The Energy Equation

Some Terminology Associated With

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Some Terminology Associated With

The Total or Stagnation Head

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

Some Terminology Associated With

The Momentum Equation

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE

The Momentum Equation

Lecture Revision Fluids B58EE