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Thermodynamics
An Engineering Approach
Fourth Edition

Yunus A. engel
Michael A. Boles

CHAPTER

1
Basic Concepts
of Thermodynamics

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FIGURE 15
Some application areas of
thermodynamics
.

1-1

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FIGURE 17
The definition of the force units.

1-2

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FIGURE 113
System,
surroundings,
and boundary.

1-3

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FIGURE 114
Mass cannot cross
the boundaries of
a closed system,
but energy can.

1-4

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FIGURE 117
A control volume may involve
fixed, moving, real, and
imaginary boundaries.

1-5

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FIGURE 125
A process
between
states 1 and
2 and the
process
path.

1-6

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FIGURE 128
The P-V diagram of
a compression
process.

1-7

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FIGURE 132
The various forms
of microscopic
energies that
make up sensible
energy.

1-8

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FIGURE 139
Ground-level
ozone, which is the
primary
component of
smog, forms when
HC and NOx react
in the presence of
sunlight in hot
calm days.

1-9

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FIGURE 140
Sulfuric acid and
nitric acid are
formed when
sulfur oxides and
nitric oxides react
with water vapor
and other
chemicals high in
the atmosphere in
the presence of
sunlight.

1-10

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FIGURE 141
The greenhouse
effect on earth.

1-11

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FIGURE 145
P versus T plots of
the experimental
data obtained from
a constant-volume
gas thermometer
using four different
gases at different
(but low)
pressures.

1-12

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FIGURE 147
Comparison of
temperature
scales.

1-13

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FIGURE 151
Absolute, gage, and
vacuum pressures.

1-14

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FIGURE 155
The pressure is the same
at all points on a horizontal
plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry,
provided that the points
are interconnected by the
same fluid.

1-15

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FIGURE 157
The basic
manometer.

1-16

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FIGURE 161
Schematic for
Example 18.

1-17

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FIGURE 163
The basic
barometer.

1-18

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FIGURE 175
Some arrangements
that supply a room
the same amount of
energy as a 300-W
electric resistance
heater.

1-19