OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

The process of oblique shock is

adiabatic and irreversible i.e
stagnation temperature remains
constant across the oblique shock
while stagnation pressure deceases
across the shock. The oblique shock
relations can be deduced from
normal shock relations by noting that
the oblique can produce no
momentum change parallel to the

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

Consider control volume shown below
L1

N1

v2

v1

L2
N2

Since there is no
change in momentum
Parallel to the wave L1= L2. Normal
component
of the velocity makes the normal Mach No

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

which effects the properties across
the shock.
Conservation of mass gives
1N1= 2N2
(1)
Momentum Equation
P1- P2= 2N22- 1N21

(2)

The flow through the control volume

must be adiabatic.

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

The energy equation
[2/-1] P1/1 + V21= [2/-1] P2/2 + V22 (3)
But V2= L2+N2
So because L1= L2 (3) can be rearranged as
[2/-1][P2/2 - P1/1 ]= L21+N21- L22+N22
=N21- N22
(4)
Normal component of Mach no is considered
for in coming Mach No of normal shock and
then

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

then all the relations developed for
normal shock are applicable to
oblique shock.
P2/P1 = [(+1/ -1) 2 / 1 1]/[(+1/ 1)-2 /1 ]
2 / 1= [(+1/ -1) P2/P1 +1]/[(+1/ 1) + P2/P1 ]
N1/ N2=[(+1/ -1) P2/P1 + 1]/[(+1/ 1) + P2/P1 ]

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

The changes across the shock wave and the upstream Mach
No. Now since N1=V1Sin and N2=V2Sin( ) (6) as
shown below

V2

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

Equation (1) can be written as
1V1Sin= 2V2Sin(-)
(7)
Eq(2) can be written as
P1 - P2 = 1 (V1Sin()2 - 12[V2Sin(-)]2
(8)
Eq(3) can be written as
2/-1[P2/2-P1/1]= (V1Sin()2 [V2Sin(-)]2 (9)

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

If in the normal shock relations M 1 is replaced
by M1 Sin and M2 I by M2 Sin (-) the
following relations for oblique shocks are
obtained
P2/P1 = 2 M 21 Sin2 (-1)/+1
(10)
2/1= (+1) M 21 Sin2 /[2+ (-1) M21Sin2]
(11)
T2/T1=[2 +(-1) M 21Sin2][2 M21Sin2(-1)]
(12

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

M22Sin2 () = [M 21 Sin2 + 2/-1]/{[2 M 21
Sin2]/+1 }-1
(13)
For oblique Shock it is necessary that
M 1 Sin 1
The minimum value that sin can have is
therefore, 1/M1 i.e the minimum shock angle
is the Mach angle. When shock has this then
eq(10)shows that P2/P1 =1, the maximum
value that can have is of course 90 deg
that wave is normal.

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

It should be noted that for oblique shock
M2Sin ()1
Hence for oblique shock wave , M2 can be greater
than or less than 1.
As tan =N1/L1 tan ( ) =N2/L2
(14)
Since L1 =L2 and from continuity N1/N2 = 1/ 2
Eq(14) can be used to give
tan ( )/ tan = 1/ 2
= [2+( -1) M 21 Sin2] /(+1) M 21 Sin2 =X say
(15)

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

Since
tan (-) =[ tan- tan]/[1+tan tan]
It follows that
tan (-)/tan = [1-(tan/tan)]/[1+tan
tan]
Substituting this into eq(15) then gives
1- (tan/tan) = X + X tan tan
Which becomes on rearrangement
tan = [tan(1-X)]/[Xtan2 +1]

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

substituting for X from eq(15) then
gives
tan={ [(+1 ) M 21 Sin2-2- (-1 ) M 21
Sin2]/2tan2 + (-1 ) M 21 Sin2 tan2
+ [(+1 ) M 21 Sin2} tan
=[2Cot ( M21Sin2 -1)]/[2+
M21(+cos2)] (16)
This equation gives the variation of with
M1 and . It will be noted that the turning
angle ,, is zero when cot =0 and also

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

These two limits being , of course, a
normal shock and infinitely weak
Mach wave. Oblique shock lies
between a normal shock and a Mach
wave . In both of these limiting
cases, there is no turning of the flow.
Between these two limits reaches a
maximum.

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

The relation between , M1 and as
given by eq(15) is usually presented
graphically and resembles that
shown below
90

M2<1

Maximum turning

60

M2 >1

M2=1

angle

30

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

It can be seen from the figure that, there is a
maximum angle through which a gas can be
turned at a given M1. The value of this
maximum turning angle for a given M 1 can
be obtained by differentiating eq (16)with
respect to for a fixed M1 and setting d/d
equal to zero. This leads to the following
expression for the maximum turning angle
Sin2max= (+1/4) 1/ M 21.{1- [(+1)(1+(1) M21 /2 + (+1) M41/16]0.5}

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

where max is the shock angle that exists when
has its maximum value for given M1. Once max
is found using this equation , eq (16) can be
used to find the value of max .
For flow over bodies involving greater angles than
this a detached shock occurs. A detached shock
is curved in general.
It should be noted that if is less than max , there
are two possible solutions i.e two possible
values for , for given M1 and as shown in the
figure.

OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE

The solution giving the larger is
termed the strong shock solution. M2
is always less than 1 in strong
solution.
Experimentally, it is found that for a
given M1 and in external flows the
shock angle is usually that
corresponding to the weak or non
strong shock solution.

REFLECTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
REFLECTION FROM PLANE WALL.
M2 P 2
1

M1 P1

M 3 P3

2-

REFLECTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
An oblique shock is assumed to be
generated from a body that turns the flow
through an angle as shown in the figure.
The entire flow on passing through this
wave is then turned downwards
through an angle . However, the flow
adjacent to the lower flat wall must be
parallel to the wall. This only possible if a
reflected wave is generated as shown
that turns the flow back up through .

REFLECTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
Since the flow downstream of the reflected
wave must again be parallel to the walls
both waves must produce the same
change in flow direction. Thus in order to
determine the properties of this reflected
waves, the following procedure is used.
1. For given M1 and determine M2 and P2/P1
2. For this value of M2 and value of
determine M3 and P3/P2

REFLECTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
3. The overall pressure ratio P3/P1 is
then found from P3/P1 = (P3/P2 )(P2/P1 )
4. The angle that the reflected wave
makes with the wall is 2+ and
since 2+was found step 2, this angle
can be determined.

INTERACTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
An oblique shock always decreases the
Mach No. i,.e M2 <M1
Considering only non-strong solution, the
shock angle , for given turning angle
increases with decreasing Mach.No.
The oblique shock waves generated at
each step in the concave wall will tend to
converg and coalesce into a single oblique
wave which is stronger than any of initial
waves.

INTERACTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
Now, the pressure and flow direction must be
the same for all streamlines downstream of
last wave. But two or more weaker waves
can not produce the same changes as a
single stronger wave and for this reasons the
reflected shocks must be generated. These
waves are weaker than the initial waves.
While these reflected wave equalized the
pressure and flow direction, but they can not
equalize the velocity, density, and entropy.

INTERACTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
For this reason , the slip-lines exist
across which there is jump in these
properties. In theory, these lines are
planes of discontinuity but in reality
they grow into thin regions over
which the changes in properties
occur. The figure on the next slid
shows series of oblique shock waves,
reflected wave and sliplines.

INTERACTION OF OBLIQUE
SHOCK WAVES
Interacting oblique shock
weak
reflected

shock
sliplines

INTERSECTION OF OBLIQUE SHOCK

WAVES
When oblique shock waves of differing strength
generated by different surfaces interact as
shown in figure below, the flows in regions 4
and 5 must be parallel to each other.
2

slipstream
5
3

Therefore, conservation of momentum applied in a direction

normal to the flows in these two regions indicates that the
pressures in regions 4 and 5 must be same.

INTERSECTION OF OBLIQUE SHOCK

WAVES
The initial waves separating regions 1 and 2
and regions 1 and 3 are determined by the
Mach number in region 1 and the turning
angles, and . The properties of the
Transmitted waves are then determined
from the condition that the pressure and
flow directions in regions 4 and 5 must be
same. The density, velocity, and entropy
will then be different in these regions and
the slipsteam must ,therefore exist.