CH28 Interference Diffraction Izzah

erference n diffractions
NURUL IZZAH 2013
Chapter 28
Physical Optics: Interference
and Diffraction
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Grad. Prog. Acoustics, Penn State
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Course Outline
Towards the end of the lecture, students
are expected to understand:
terminologies and definition of
superposition, interference, diffraction and
resolutions.
concepts of Youngs Two-slit experiment
and diffractions.
briefly about resolutions and diffraction
gratings.
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Units of Chapter 28
Superposition and Interference
Youngs Two-Slit Experiment
Interference in Reflected Waves
Diffraction
Resolution **
Diffraction gratings **
** items will only be discussed briefly

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28-1 Superposition and Interference

If two waves occupy the same space, their
amplitudes add at each point. They may
interfere either constructively or destructively.
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Interference is only noticeable if the light
sources are monochromatic (so all the light has
the same wavelength) and coherent (different
sources maintain the same phase relationship
over space and time).
If this is true, interference will be constructive
where the two waves are in phase, and
destructive where they are out of phase.
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In this illustration,
interference will be
constructive where
the path lengths differ
by an integral number
of wavelengths,
and destructive where
they differ by a halfodd integral number
of wavelengths.
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To summarize, the two path lengths l 1 and l 2will
interfere constructively or destructively according
to the following:
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28-2 Youngs Two-Slit

Experiment
In this experiment, the original

light source need not be coherent;
it becomes so after passing
through the very narrow slits.
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28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

If light consists of particles, the
final screen should show two thin
stripes, one corresponding to
each slit.
However, if light is a wave, each
slit serves as a new source of
wavelets, as shown, and the
final screen will show the effects
of interference. This is called
Huygenss principle.
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As the pattern on the
screen shows, the light on
the screen has alternating
light and dark fringes,
corresponding to
constructive and
destructive interference.
The path difference is given
by:
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Therefore, the condition for bright fringes
(constructive interference) is:
The dark fringes are between the bright

fringes; the condition for dark fringes is:
Above central
bright fringe
Below central
bright fringe
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This diagram
illustrates the
numbering of the
fringes.
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EXAMPLE A.K.A EXERCISE

Example 1 Youngs Double-Slit Experiment
Red light (664 nm) is used in Youngs experiment with slits separated
by 0.000120 m. The screen is located a distance 2.75 m from the slits.
Find the distance on the screen between the central bright fringe and
the third-order bright fringe.
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664
10
m
1
sin m sin 3
0
.
951
4
1.20
10
m
d
y L tan 2.75 m tan 0.951 0.0456 m
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28-3 Interference in Reflected Waves
Waves that reflect from objects at different

locations can interfere with one another.
Propagation
Interfere
Reflect
Wall (object)
Reflected waves change their phase in two ways:
i.
Proportion to distances of wave travel (light in two

slit experiment)
ii.
As a result of reflection process itself.
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Reflection
Interferenc
e in CDs
Phase
changes
due to:
Thin film
Air
wedge
Newtons
ring
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Reflection:
There is no phase
change when light
reflects from a
region with a lower
index of refraction.
There is a halfwavelength phase

change when light
reflects from a region
with a higher index of
refraction, or from a
solid surface.
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Air wedge:
Touch
Small separation
air gap
Constructive interference:
Destructive interference:
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28-3 Interference in Reflected

Waves
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28-3 Interference in Reflected

Waves
Newtons ring:
Replace top glass (air wedge) with curved glass

(spherical cross section).
Closely spaced
as d from
central
Result is a series of circular interference fringes

called as Newtons ring.
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Thin film: Interference by thin films can be found

in soap bubbles and oil slicks (shown in swirling
pattern of color resulting from constructive/
destructive interference when white light reflects
from a thin film).
Now, we have not only
path differences and
phase changes on
reflection; we also must
account for the change
in wavelength as the
light travels through the
film.
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Wavelength of light in a medium of index of

refraction n:
Therefore, the condition for destructive

interference, where t is the thickness of the film, is:
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The condition for constructive interference:
The rainbow of colors we see is

due to the different wavelengths
of light.
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The phase changes upon reflection depend on

the indices of refraction of the film and the
surrounding media:
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CDs (compact disks):

The signal is encoded as tiny bumps in the surface, and
the reflected laser beam varies in intensity
depending on whether it is reflecting from a bump or not.
28-4 Diffraction
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A wave passing
through a small
opening will diffract
(spread out), as
shown. This means
that, after the opening,
there are waves
traveling in directions
other than the
direction of the
original wave.
28-4 Diffraction
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To investigate the
diffraction of light, we
consider what happens
when light passes
through a very narrow
slit. As the figure
indicates, what we see
on the screen is a
single-slit diffraction
pattern.
28-4 Diffraction
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This pattern is due to the difference in path

length from different parts of the opening.
The first dark fringe
occurs when:
28-4 Diffraction
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The second dark fringe

occurs when:
Generally:
W sin =m
28-4 Diffraction
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In general, then, we have for the dark fringes in a

single-slit interference pattern:
The positive and negative values of m account

for the symmetry of the pattern around the
center.
28-4 Diffraction
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Try this out
Light passes through a slit and shines on a

flat screen that is located L=0.4nm away.
the wavelength of the light in a vacuum is
=410nm. The distance between midpoint
of the central bright fringe and the first dark
fringe is y. determine the width of central
bright fringe when the width of slit is
a. 5x10 m
b. 2.5x10 m
[0.66m]
[0.13m]
28-5 Resolution
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Diffraction through a small circular aperture

results in a circular pattern of fringes. This
limits our ability to distinguish one object from
another when they are very close.
The location of the first dark fringe determines
the size of the central spot:
28-5 Resolution
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Rayleighs criterion relates the size of the central

spot to the limit at which two objects can be
distinguished:
If the first dark fringe of one circular diffraction
pattern passes through the center of a second
diffraction pattern, the two sources responsible for the
patterns will appear to be a single source.
The size of the spot increases with wavelength,
and decreases with the size of the aperture.
28-5 Resolution
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On the left, there appears to be a single source;

on the right, two sources can be clearly
resolved.
28-6 Diffraction Gratings
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A system with a large number of slits is called a

diffraction grating.
As the number of slits grows, the peaks become
narrower and more intense. Here is the
diffraction pattern for five slits:
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The positions of the peaks

are different for different
wavelengths of light.
The condition for
constructive interference
in a diffraction grating:
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There are many ways to construct diffraction

gratings.
This acoustic-optic
modulator diffracts
light from acoustic
wavefronts in the
crystal. Turning the
sound off eliminates
the signal; changing
the sound frequency
modifies it.
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X-ray diffraction is used to determine crystal

structure the spacing between crystal planes
is close enough to the wavelength of the X-rays
to allow diffraction patterns to be seen.
A grating
spectroscope allows
precise
determination of
wavelength:
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Diffraction can also be observed upon reflection

from narrowly-spaced reflective grooves; the
most familiar example is the recorded side of a
CD. Some insect wings also display reflective
diffraction, especially butterfly wings.
Summary of Chapter 28
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When two waves are superposed, the result

may be either constructive or destructive
interference.
Monochromatic light consists of a single
frequency.
Coherent light maintains a constant phase
relationship.
Youngs two-slit experiment shows light and
dark interference fringes.
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Bright fringes:
Dark fringes:
Thin films can form colors in reflected light

through the destructive interference of other
colors.
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When a wave encounters an obstacle or

opening, it changes direction. This is called
diffraction.
When monochromatic light passes through a
narrow slit, a pattern of bright and dark fringes
is produced.
Dark fringes (W is the width of the slit):
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Resolution is the ability to distinguish closely

spaced objects. Diffraction limits resolution.
Rayleighs criterion: if two objects are separated
by less than the minimum angle, they cannot be
distinguished:
A diffraction grating is a large number of small
slits. Principal maxima:

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erference n diffractions

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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** items will only be discussed briefly

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-1 Superposition and Interference

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-1 Superposition and Interference

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-1 Superposition and Interference

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-1 Superposition and Interference

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-1 Superposition and Interference

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-1 Superposition and Interference

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-2 Youngs Two-Slit

In this experiment, the original

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

The dark fringes are between the bright

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28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-2 Youngs Two-Slit Experiment

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

EXAMPLE A.K.A EXERCISE

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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y L tan 2.75 m tan 0.951 0.0456 m

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-3 Interference in Reflected Waves

Waves that reflect from objects at different

Proportion to distances of wave travel (light in two

As a result of reflection process itself.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

NURUL IZZAH 2013

28-3 Interference in Reflected Waves

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.