FROM DISCRETE PARTICLES TO

CONTINUUM FIELDS NEAR A

BOUNDARY
ABHISHEK KULKARNI

COARSE GRAINING
Coarse graining involves a spatial coarse graining scale.
This scale is important both for obtaining smooth elds
and constitutive relations.
When a system is coarse grained with a spatial scale,
w, no gradient involves a scale that is smaller than w,
and therefore one expects to obtain smooth elds
whose spatial variation is characterized by scales that
exceed the resolution or coarse graining scale.
w should be such that many particles are present in
that space.

CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS
Continuity Equation:
Equation for Momentum Density:

= coarse graining function

*indicial notations used

 The stress shown above consists collisional and

kinetic part. Kinetic part is negligible for quasi static
deformations.
We can obtain the above stress relation using
two particle contact relations and thus we can
see that the collisional stress is normal to the
plane tangent to the contact i.e. stresses are
normal.
We can easily observe that the stress is antisymmetric i.e.

 Hence, the stress tensor is symmetric if f || r i.e. if we

have homogeneous spherical particles or is f is aligned
along the line connecting the centers of the spheres.
Further solving we can obtain the expression in terms of
M (torque between the particles):

The three terms are contribution due to rotation, rolling

friction and regular friction.

 Angular momentum density eld:

J = local angular momentum density.

C= couple stress tensor.
All the above observations doesnt include boundary
contributions, which are quite important.

STRESS RELATIONS(WITH
BOUNDARY CONTRIBUTIONS)
Solving for momentum balance and including boundary
contributions we obtain the following stress relation:
Here the underlined terms are the boundary
contributions in the stress tensor.
Thus we can see that:
The last term is the contribution from the wall.

STRESS RESULTS OBTAINED FOR 3D

CHUTE FLOW
The following results are obtained for
= 26 o and 1000 particles and for coarse
graining width, w=d/4
Here we can clearly observe that
for non boundary contributions
the graph shows a different
behavior initially which is not
intuitive and wrong.

MY RESULTS FOR 2D CHUTE FLOW

I used same angle of inclination(26o) and same number of
particles(1000).

zz VS z

We can clearly see the fluctuations at the boundary i.e. z

0. Later the graph attains a stable conguration(as expected).

SOME MORE RESULTS

Vxx VS z

xx VS z

We can see similar fluctuations at the boundary and a

stable conguration at higher values of z.

xz VS z

Fluctuations at boundary and stable conguration for

higher z.

THANK YOU