to

Normal Matter is composed

of.

Atoms differ in the number of

pieces ( Protons, Neutrons and
Electrons) that they have inside of
them.

Atoms with certain consistent

characteristics are called.

matter that is made up of

atoms
atoms
(or one atom) that
have the same number of
Protons in their nucleus.

But!!!
Not all atoms of the
same element are the
same, either.

Atoms of the same element that

have different numbers of
neutrons in their nuclei are
called.

Certain isotopes of elements are

unstable, or radioactive.
(example: Carbon-14 and
Uranium-238)
These radioactive isotopes of
elements allow us to do absoluteage dating!

Most substances on Earth are

not pure elements but rather.

???

What is a Compound?

A Compound is..
A substance made from
two or more different
elements that have been
chemically combined.

A Mixture, on the other hand,

is
A substance made from two or
more different elements that
have not been chemically
combined, and which can be
separated by physical means

Elements by
themselves are much
less common than
Compounds, because
they tend to combine
with each other to form
Compounds.

Elements and Compounds in their

solid form make up

What is a Mineral?

A Mineral is a naturally
occurring Inorganic Solid with a
definite chemical composition
and a crystalline structure.

That means that

It cant be organic in
origin
It cant be a liquid
and..
It has to have a crystal
structure

Lets put that in a list format.

1. Minerals are a naturally occurring
substance.
2. Minerals are solids.
3. Minerals have a definite
chemical composition.

4. The atoms that make up minerals

are arranged in an orderly pattern
(They form crystals).
5. Minerals are inorganic. (They
were never alive.)

How many different minerals are

there on Earth???
Answer:About 4,000

More than 90% of all of the

minerals in the Earths Crust,
however, are made up of
compounds containing Silicon
and Oxygen, the two most
abundant elements on Earth.

And..
The percent composition of Silicate
Minerals in an igneous rock determine a
lot of the characteristics of that rock and
the magma that formed it.

High Silica content forms lightcolored rocks.

While lower (but only by about

25%) Silica content forms
darker-colored rocks.

How do Minerals Form???

1. Minerals form in cooling magma chambers

Different types of minerals

crystallize at different temperatures
Decreasing temperature

Bowens Reaction Series

Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber

Olivine

Pyroxene

Peridotite- Mostly Olivine

Gabbro- Pyroxene and Olivine

Andesite- Hornblend and Biotite? and

Plagioclase Feldspar

Potassium Feldspar

Quartz

Pink Granite

Mineral Fractionalization in a Magma Chamber

2. Metamorphic Minerals:
Some minerals occur as the
result of Recrystallisation and
Reaction within existing rocks
which produces new minerals
in response to changes in
and

3. Some types of minerals form

as water containing dissolved
ions slowly evaporates.
Salt deposits

How long does it take for

minerals to form??
Minerals in solution in water can form
relatively quickly when the water
evaporates.
Minerals in magma can form as quickly as
the magma/lava can crystallize (lava can
cool in minutes, while magma can take
thousands of years).

A Crystal is.
A regular geometric solid with
smooth surfaces called.

The orderly arrangement of ions,

molecules, or atoms, in any
mineral determines the shape of
its crystals.

Although there are thousands of

different types of minerals, their
crystals come in six basic types
of shapes

Minerals are identified and

classified by visual inspection, and
by performing simple tests to
determine their physical properties

Only 30 of the 4,000 known

minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are known
as the rock-forming minerals

Most rock-forming minerals

are

The percent composition

of Silicate minerals in a
rock determines the type
of rock it is.

Rocks that have a high percentage

of Silicates are light in color, and
are called Felsic rocks.

Rocks that have a low

percentage of Silicates are dark
in color, and are called
Mafic rocks.

Rocks are often made of

several different minerals.

Minerals are most often

identified by inspecting their
Physical and Chemical
properties.

Color is the most easily observed, but least

reliable property of a mineral for
identification.
This is because the color of many minerals
varies with the kind of impurities in the
mineral.

Luster is the way in which a mineral shines in the light.

Types of Luster

Streak is the color of the powder left

on a streak plate when a mineral is
rubbed on it.
Streak is much more reliable than
color because, although the color
of a mineral changes, its streak
does not.

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral

to split in a particular direction.

Sheety Cleavage

Feldspars always cleave readily at or near right angles.

Fracture is the tendency of a

mineral to break in directions
other than along crystal faces or
cleavage surfaces.

Conchoidal or shell-like fracture

Fibrous facture

Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to

being scratched.
The Mohs Hardness Scale is one of the
most effective tool for identifying
minerals.