P l u m b i n g
Definition
the art and technique of installing pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatuses in buildings
for bringing in the supply of liquids, substances
and/or ingredients and removing them; and such
H i s t o r y
Plumbing Practice in the
Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the
government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F.
Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on
the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.
In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized
Manila City Ordinance 2411, the Plumbing Code for the
City of Manila was enacted and placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila.
H i s t o r y
In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962
which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 Plumbing Law
of the Philippines upon ratification of President Ramon
Magsaysay.
On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and
approved by Malacaang.
Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541
otherwise known as the Building Code of the Philippines
was passed with the National Plumbing Code of 1959 as
referral code in full text.
The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted
the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President
Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to
Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
P r i n c i p l e s
22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code
1
2
3
4
P r i n c i p l e s
5
6
7
8
P r i n c i p l e s
9
10
11
12
13
P r i n c i p l e s
14
15
16
17
P r i n c i p l e s
18
19
20
21
22
C o m p o n e n t s
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
PLUMBING FIXTURES
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM
Nature of Water
DISTRIBUTION
U S E
Water Mains,
Storage Tanks
Pressure,
Piping
Networks
Plumbing
Fixtures
S O U R C E
COLLECTION
Lakes, Rivers,
Reservoirs
Gravity,
Piping
Networks
TREATMENT
DISPOSAL
Sanitary and
Storm Sewers
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE
Rain
Water
Only a source
during the wet
season;
Storage
becomes a
breeding place
for mosquitoes;
Roofs may not
be clean
Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE
Natural
Surface
Water
Obtained from
ponds, lakes
and rivers
Easy to
acquire;
Usually in large
quantities;
Used for
irrigation,
industrial
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply
Contains a large
amounts of
bacteria, organic,
& inorganic
substances;
Purification &
treatment is
necessary
Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE
Ground
Water
Obtained from
underground by
means of
mechanical &
manual
equipment;
From springs
and wells and is
the principal
source of water
for domestic
use in most
rural areas
Usually has an
abundant
supply;
requires less
treatment
because of
natural filtering
May have
organic matter &
chemical
elements;
treatment is
suggested;
Character of
ground water, its
hardness,
depends upon
the nature and
condition of the
soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates
Water Treatment
PROBLEMS
CAUSE
EFFECTS
CORRECTION
1. Acidity
Entrance of
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Corrosion of
non-ferrous
pipes
Rusting &
clogging of
steel pipes
Raising alkaline
content by the
introduction of
a neutralizer
(sodium
silicate)
2. Hardness
Presence of
Clogging of
magnesium and pipes
calcium salts
Impaired
laundry and
cooking
3. Turbidity
Silt or mud in
surface or in
ground
Discoloration
Bad taste
Boiling
Use of an ion
exchanger
(zeolite
process)
Filtration
Quality of Water
Water Quality Problems &
Their Correction:
PROBLEMS
CAUSE
EFFECTS
CORRECTION
4. Color
Presence of
Iron and
manganese
Discoloration of Oxidizing
fixtures
filter
and laundry
5. Pollution
Contamination
by organic
matter or
sewage
Disease
Chlorination
Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium
Sulfur
Salt
Iron
Pathogenic germs
Acid
Algae
Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE
ELEMENT
Carbon Dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulfide
METHOD OF TREATMENT
Aeration
Suspended Material
Bacteria
Calcium &
Magnesium
Iron
Iron Filters
Sulfur
Chlorination
Pathogenic Germs
Disinfection
Acid
Purification of Water
AERATION
COAGULATION &
PRECIPITATION
FILTRATION
Purification of Water
SEDIMENTATION
CHLORINATION
Dug Well
Most common type
Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. shallow well
Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while
casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft,
hence sometimes referred to as
Sand-Point Wells
Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
Submersible Pumps
Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersible
Sump Pumps
Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number of
styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid
Cisterns
-Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump
Pressure Tanks
Hot Water Tanks
Storage Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
2 Types:
3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling
The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)
-for shutting
The Composition Disc Valve
-for steam and hot water
4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve
Foot Valve
Operates by the
compression of a
soft packing upon
a metal sheet
Key Cock
Operates with a
round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
Hose bibbhas grooves fit for
a hose
Ball Faucet
Constructed with a
ball connected to
the handle
WATER HAMMER
BACK SIPHONAGE
Back Siphonage
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such pipe
Expansion/ Contraction
DIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
DIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
INDIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
SERVICE PIPE
WATER METER
Water Meter
device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service
HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
MAIN
Fixture Branch
the water supply pipe between the
fixture supply pipe and the waterdistributing pipe
Storage Tanks
SERVICE PIPE
WATER METER
HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
MAIN
RISER
FIXTURE BRANCH
CONTROLS & VALVES
STORAGE TANKS
UPFEED SYSTEM
UPFEED SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
Upfeed System
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps &
tanks.
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Overheadfeeed System
1. Water is not affected by peak load
hour.
2. Not affected by power
interruptions.
3. Time needed to replace broken
parts does not affect water supply.
1.
2.
3.
4.
GALLONS PER
PERSONS PER HOUR
Office Buildings
School Buildings
Apartment Buildings
4 to 5
2 to 3
8
Hotels
8 to 10
Factories
4 to 6
Residential
10
AVERAGE WORKING
LOAD
25%
35%
50%
FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
Types of
Fire Protection Systems:
Dry Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System
Wet Standpipe System with Siamese Connection
Automatic / Sprinkler System
CONNECT TO
FIRE HOSE
COVERAGE OF ONE
SPRINKLER HEAD
20 square meters
10 square meters
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Plumbing Fixtures
Definition:
Receptacles which are used to provide, receive
and discharge water, liquid and water-carried
wastes into a drainage system with which they
are connected to
Classifications:
Soil
Water Closets
Urinals
Slop Sinks
Scullery
Kitchen Sinks
Laundry Tubs
Bar Sinks
Bathing
Lavatories
Bathtubs
Shower Baths
Bidets
Foot/Sitz Tub
Shower Receptors
Shower Compartments
Soil Fixtures
Setting:
WATER CLOSETS
Types:
Soil Fixtures
According to Flush Tank Types
Integral Flush Tank
Close Coupled Flush Tank
Low Flush Tank
High Flush Tank
Soil Fixtures
According to Mounting
Floor Mounted
Wall Hung
Soil Fixtures
According to Flushing Action
Wash Down
-
Soil Fixtures
Reverse Trap
-
Siphon Jet
-
Soil Fixtures
Siphon Vortex
-
Soil Fixtures
Other Types of Water Closets
Squat Type
Washout
Soil Fixtures
Soil Fixtures
Soil Fixtures
Minimum Requirements for Water Closets
OCCUPANCY
MIN. WC
Dwelling or Apartment
family
Elementary Schools
1
2
1
Assembly Places
(Theaters and Auditoriums- for
public use)
1
2
3
3
4
8
1
2
Dormitories
1
1
1
per 10 males
per 8 females
per additional 25 males, 20 females
Industrial
1
2
3
4
5
1
per 1 - 10 persons
for 11 - 25 persons
for 26 - 50 persons
for 51 - 75 persons
for 76 - 100 persons
per additional 30 persons in excess of 100
Soil Fixtures
Types:
Wall Hung
Pedestal
Through
Stall
URINALS
Soil Fixtures
Setting:
Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m
Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m
Flushing:
Flushing urinals shall be done through automatic flushing
tanks. (NPC 408.1)
Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging
a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled
flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals.
(NPC 408.2)
Soil Fixtures
Minimum Requirements for Urinals
OCCUPANCY
Schools:
Elementary
Secondary
MIN. #
1
1
per 75 males
per 35 males
1
2
3
4
1
Assembly Places
( Theaters and auditoriums)for public use)
1
2
3
4
1
Dormitories
1
1
Per 25 males
per 50 males in excess of 150
Scullery Fixtures
Materials:
Stainless Steel
KITCHEN SINKS
Scullery Fixtures
LAUNDRY TUBS
Materials:
Cement or Cement with Tiles
Porcelain
SLOP SINKS
Where janitors clean & leave their mops
BAR SINKS
Scullery Fixtures
LAVATORIES
Types:
Pedestal
Pullman or Counter
Wall Hung
Through
Bathing Fixtures
BATHTUBS
WHIRLPOOL
BATHS
with removable panel of sufficient dimension to access
pump
circulation pump shall be located above the crown weir of
the trap
pump and circulation piping shall be self draining
Brand Name of
luxury type bathtubs
JACUZZIS
Bathing Fixtures
BIDETS
Used for cleaning private parts
Sometimes referred to as
female urinals
Setting:
Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m
Bathing Fixtures
FLOOR DRAINS
With approved-type hinged strainer plate
having the sum of the areas of the small
holes of the waterway equal to the crosssectional area of the tailpiece
Provided with integrally cast water stop outside flange
around the body at mid depth and with an inside caulk
outlet to provide a watertight joint in the floor
SHOWER RECEPTORS
Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2% or more than 4%
slope.
Thresholds shall accommodate a minimum 559 mm wide door.
For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be eliminated.
Bathing Fixtures
SHOWER BATHS/
COMPARTMENTS
Metal enclosure containing
shower head, valves and faucets
SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
Waste Collection System
Ventilation System
Waste Pipe
Vent Pipe
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system
and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Trap
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of
foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Stack
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
House/Building Sewer
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
NPC 203.3
32 mm
38 mm
51 mm
76 mm
102 mm
Discharge Capacity
ITEM NO.
LITERS/SEC (GPM)
Notes:
1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s
shall be determined by the
Administrative Authority.
2.For a continuous flow into a
drainage system, such as
from sump pump or ejector,
air-conditioning equipment or
similar devices, two (2)
fixture units shall be allowed
for every 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s
FIXTURE UNIT
FIXTURE
DRAINAGE
TRAP & TRAP
FIXTURE
ARM SIZE
UNITS
Bathtubs
38 mm
Bidets
38 mm
Floor Drains
51 mm
51 mm
Sink (residential)
38 mm
51 mm
32 mm
76 mm
76 mm
DISTANCE
TO VENT
32 mm
0.76 m
38 mm
1.07 m
51 mm
1.52 m
76 mm
1.83 m
3.05 m
Note:
In no case shall
the trap distance be less
than 2 times the diameter
of the trap arm.
Clean-outs
REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line
with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135
inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building
at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
Clean-outs
Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED
on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such
line is serving sinks or urinals.
on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72
deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
Clean-outs
SIZE OF CLEAN-OUTS:
Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe
served
Clean-Out Size
SIZE OF
PIPE
SIZE OF
THREADS
CLEANOUT PER 25.4MM
38 mm
38 mm
11-1/2
51 mm
38 mm
11-1/2
64 mm
64 mm
76 mm
64 mm
89 mm
Clean-outs
INSTALLATION OF
CLEAN-OUTS:
Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the
direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow
except in the case of a wye branch.
Each 90 clean-out extension shall be constructed from a
wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep.
Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance
of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a
front clearance of 450 mm.
Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or
above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building
when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750
horizontal clearance to the means of access.
No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be
located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or
crawl hole.
Main Types:
VENTS
Other Types:
an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.
Dry Vent
a vent that does not carry liquid or
water-borne wastes.
Vent Stack
the vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
Installation of Vents
GRADES & CONNECTIONS
All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or
sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by
gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest
level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally.
All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the
roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent
at a point below the roof. The vent stack through roof
(VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the
connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.
Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be
served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an
approved double branch fitting.
Installation of Vents
VENT TERMINATION
VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above
the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface
nearby.
Each vent opening shall terminate:
Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street
boundary lines.
Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part
of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend
not less than 2.10 m above such roof.
Installation of Vents
VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS
Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys
above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent
stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper
terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at
ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a yoke vent
at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch
connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above
the same floor to provide a relief vent.
The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than
either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller.
The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed
1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch
at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch
serving that floor.
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
Capillary Attraction
GREASE TRAPS:
For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters,
cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium,
factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for
individual dwelling units.
No grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an
approved rate of flow of more than 3.4 liters per second
(54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 L/s (20.74 gpm).
Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not
less than 51 mm in depth or the diameter of its outlet,
whichever is greater.
No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease
interceptor or grease trap.
2 Main Types
Earth Cooled Grease Trap
Mechanical Grease Trap
76 L/ min.
18 Kg
95 L/ min.
23 Kg
132 L/ min.
32 Kg
189 L/ min.
45 Kg
DRAIN TILES:
Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the
basement walls & foundation
Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation
where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the house
drain or sump pit
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process;
where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to
various disposal outlets
Definition:
SEPTIC TANKS
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
Minimum
dimensionsL= 1500mm
W=900mm
D=1200mm
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SINGLE CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK:
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DESIGN CRITERIA:
PLANS:
should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural
calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed.
QUALITY OF DESIGN:
shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable
standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and
scum accumulations.
MATERIALS:
constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive
corrosion or decay, shall be watertight.
Material: cement (most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMPARTMENTS:
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity;
shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid
depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion
chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible
from the manhole
MANHOLES:
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension;
one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required
over the baffle wall.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR
VERTICAL LEGS:
Inlet and Outlet pipes diameter size not less than the
sewer pipe
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes diameter size not
less than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
VENT DIAMETER:
equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
AIR SPACE:
Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the
back vent openings.
STRUCTURE:
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
CAPACITY:
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by
the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various
building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all
plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system
shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its
drainage field.
LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
SEWERS
3 degrees or grades of
waste water:
Grey Water (or Area Water)
Waste water with the exception of human wastes
From laundries, wash basins, sinks, tubs, etc.
Black Water
Water plus solid and liquid human wastes
Storm Water
Rainwater only
SEWERS
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
Combination Public Sewers
Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
Storm Sewers
Sanitary Sewers
Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment
Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
SEWERS
2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWERS:
Tributary Sewers
Termination points of individual units or structures
Usually round shaped, with diameters between
0.60 to 1.2 meters
Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often
installed by the curb line, before the street
Normally laid in the Northern or Eastern side of
streets with east-west or north-south orientations
SEWERS
Intercepting Sewers
a.k.a. collecting sewers
Termination points of tributary sewers
Placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30
meters in depth
Varies in shape but have a diameter or effective
opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters
SEWERS
REQUIREMENTS:
Sewers REQUIRED
Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the
public sewer. When not available, they shall be connected
to an approved private sewage disposal system.
Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it
is more than 61 meters from any proposed building or
exterior drainage facility.
Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private
sewage disposal system may not be connected to a new
public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary
condition is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or
fall existing to permit proper drainage flow by gravity to the
public sewer.
SEWERS
DAMAGE TO PUBLIC SEWER OR PRIVATE
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags,
flammable, poisonous, explosive liquids or gases, oils,
grease, and other things whatsoever which would cause
damage to the public sewer or private disposal system.
No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into
any excreta drainage system.
No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under
drain system shall be connected to the excreta building
sewer leading to a public sewer main.
No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a
private or public sewage disposal system.
SEWERS
SIZE OF SEWER:
The minimum size of any building sewer shall be
determined on the basis of the total number of fixture units
drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller
than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building
drain.
SEWERS
INSTALLATION OF SEWER:
Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a
uniform slope of not less than 2% or 21 mm/m toward the
point of disposal.
Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer,
structural features or to adverse arrangement of building, to
obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm in dia
may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and
those 203 mm dia and larger may have a slope of not less
than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m)
SEWERS
No building sewer shall be
installed less than 0.6 M
from the outer face of any
building foundation, nor
less than 0.3 M below the
finish surface of the ground.
SEWERS
Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which
are not approved for use within a building shall not be laid in
the same trench as water pipes unless:
the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M
above the top of the sewer pipe
(NPC 1208.1.1),
the water pipe is placed
on a solid shelf excavated
at one side of the common
trench with a minimum
horizontal distance of at
least 0.3 m from the sewer
or drain pipe
(NPC 1208.1.2).
SEWERS
Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or
materials which are not approved for use within a building
shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or
drain pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3
meters away from sewer line in both directions.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DISPOSAL FIELDS
Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for
structures with large adjacent open fields
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
AREA:
dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated
sewage flow rate, whichever is greater, and;
the type of soil found in the excavation.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SEEPAGE PITS
a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the
discharge of a septic tank; designed to permit effluent to
seep through pit bottom and sides
CAPACITY:
based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character
and porosity of the surrounding soil.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
STRENGTH:
Brick lining shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 17225 kPa.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
CESSPOOLS
a non-watertight lined
excavation in the ground
which receives the discharge
of a sanitary drainage system,
designed to retain the organic
matter but permitting the liquid
to seep through the pit bottom
and sides
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
TEMPORARY PERMITS:
Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public
sewer, so long as it is established that a public sewer will be
available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water
conditions are favorable;
As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an
existing cesspool;
As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or
temporary uses.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
PRIVIES
Outside Privy- oldest form of disposal of
organic waste. Consists of a vault
constructed of concrete for the collection
of raw sewage and a wooden shelter
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL
SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE
DISPOSAL
REQUIREMENTS:
When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of
grease, garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other
ingredients which may affect the operation of a private
sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall
be installed.
DISPOSAL:
Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank
or other primary system or into a separate disposal system.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL
DISPOSAL
BLDG SEPTIC
FIELD
DISTANCE IN CLEAR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM
1
Buildings or
structures*
SEEPAGE
PIT OR
CESSPOOL
0.6 m
1.5 m
2.4 m
2.4 m
Property line
Adjoining private
Property
Clear**
1.5 m
1.5 m
2.4 m
Water supply
wells
15.2 m
15.2 m
30.5 m
45.7 m
Streams
15.2 m
15.2 m
15.2 m
30.5 m
Trees
3m
3m
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL
DISPOSAL
BLDG SEPTIC
FIELD
DISTANCE IN CLEAR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM
6
Seepage pits or
Cesspools
Disposal field
On site domestic
Water service line
Pressure public
Water main
SEEPAGE
PIT OR
CESSPOOL
1.5 m
1.5 m
3.7 m
1.5 m
1.2 m
1.5 m
0.3 m
1.5 m
1.5 m
1.5 m
3m
3m
3m
3m
Water Recycling
2 Most Common Types of Municipal
Sewage Treatment
The Activated Sludge Process
Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must
pass through
First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three
different filter houses
Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
Produces water with 99-99.5% purity
Water Recycling
Raw sewage inlet
9. Drier house
12. warehouse
6. Aerating
basin
10. Liquid
extractor
house
7. Clarifier
11. Chemical
house
13. Vacuum
power
house
outlet
Water Recycling
The Trickling Filter Process
a.k.a Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System
Requires less mechanical elements and less stages
Produces water with 95% purity
Requires a large ground area for its building
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Rainwater Pipes
DOWNSPOUTS OR CONDUCTOR
PIPES, GUTTERS
Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.
Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth
of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meters.
An ave. 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Metro Manila.
Round, square (sized to enclose its equivalent
round pipe) or rectangular (shall have at least the
same cross-sectional area as its equivalent round pipe,
except that the ratio of its side dimensions shall not
exceed 3 to 1) rainwater pipes may be used
for downspouts.
Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe
materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure, they shall be
installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate branch
from the roof to the ground level.
Rainwater Pipes
ROOF DRAINS
Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending
102 mm above the surface of the roof surface. With a minimum
total net inlet area of 1 times the area of the outlet pipe to
which it is connected.
Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a
total net inlet area not less than 2 times the area of the outlet pipe
to which the drain is connected.
Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made
watertight by the use of C.I. drain with integrally-cast waterstop
ring around the outside of the body and placed at mid-depth of the
concrete roof slab and the installation of a clamped suitable
flashing material around the drain.
The Downspout
Located every 8 to 10 meters
& at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
The Shoe
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rainwater towards the nearest catch basin
SPIGOT
HUB
Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid formed by Carbon
Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and Methane Gases that create rust
2 Types:
SV type -
XV type -
Hubless Pipe
Asbestos Pipe
Made of an asbestos fibers and portland cement
Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe & downspouts
Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties
Classification:
Brass Pipe
Most expensive
Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
2 Types:
Rigid type (pipes)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
MALE
ADAPTOR
EXTENSION
PIECE/
NIPPLE
FEMALE
ADAPTOR
REDUCER
45
STREET
ELBOW
REDUCING
ELBOW
90
STREET
ELBOW
WATER
METER
Working Drawings
Piping Symbols for Plumbing:
DRAIN OR WASTE ABOVE GROUND
DRAIN OR WASTE BELOW GROUND
VENT
SD
STORM DRAIN
COLD WATER
SW
SPRINKLER MAIN
SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD
Working Drawings
GAS
COMPRESSED AIR
VACUUM
S - CI
S - CT
S-P
SEWER PLASTIC
Working Drawings
Plumbing Abbreviations:
ITEM
ABBR.
ITEM
ABBR.
Cast Iron
Centerline
Cleanout
CI
CL
CO
Hot Water
Laundry Tray
Lavatory
HW
LT
LAV.
Cold Water
Copper
Dishwasher
CW
COP.
DW
Medicine Cabinet
Plastic
Plumbing
MC
PLAS.
PLBG.
Floor Drain
Galvanized Iron
Hose Bib
FD
GAL. I
HB
Water Closet
Water Heater
Water Softener
WC
WH
WS
Working Drawings
Pipe & Fitting Symbols:
Working Drawings
Working Drawings
Working Drawings
LP Gas
Liquefied Petroleum Gas saturated hydrocarbons found in
petroleum (i.e. butane, propane, isobutane, etc.)
a.k.a. Bottled Gas
for Home, Commercial and Industrial Use
LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas
Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Do not place cylinders below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings leading
to cellars & other depressions (where gas might accumulate)
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of heat
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints
should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood,
paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used. *
LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas
Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Location of Cylinders
Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building
having good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the
open; (outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials)
vegetation (i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc.
within 19 feet of a cylinder
Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas
deliverymen
Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement
blocks) to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil
corrosion
Do not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings
leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might
accumulate)
LP Gas
Locate in a place safe from accidental damage from
vehicles & tampering by children or unauthorized persons;
should be protected by cylinder hoods (if located in
driveways or alleys)
Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost.
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of
heat
When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there
should be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the
vicinity
Close the cylinder valves before disconnecting
Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to
protect the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder
valve from being used as a handle
LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas
Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment
Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over- valves
and manifolds which are connected to the cylinders should
be rigidly supported
The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to
prevent entry of rain)
All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be
vented to the open air & not choked with dust or other
foreign matter
LP Gas
Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves
Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond
the reach of people passing by.
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints
should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of
leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood,
paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used.
Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every
appliance.
Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should
be securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a
type resistant to LP gas.
LP Gas
Location of Appliance
The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be
decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be
set where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are
met.
A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided
for the appliance. This source of air for combustion and
ventilation should not be subject to accidental interruption or
curtailment.
Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of
repair and adjustment of appliance burners and parts
A water heater should be installed in a place with adequate
ventilation and with a sufficient clearance between ceiling
and top of heater.
LP Gas
Testing for Leaks
Before any system of gas piping is finally put into service, it
should be carefully tested to ensure that it is gastight.
Where any part of the system is to be enclosed or
concealed, this test should precede the work of closing in.
Matches, candles, or other sources of ignition should not be
used to check for gas leakage. The position of a leak may
be detected by using soap solution.
Leaking or otherwise defective pipes or fittings should be
replaced. No attempt should be made to affect temporary
repair.
Types of Joints:
Caulked Joints
Face to face
distance
engagement length
Caulking:
Align pipes
Packing OakumWrap an oakum or hemp around the spigot Neck;
Drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub using a yarning iron;
compress firmly (make a 20-25mm clearance from top of bell)
Ladle Lead- Seal joint with lead (3mm above bell)
Packing with Caulking Iron
Cement Mortar
Joints
Soldering of joints:
Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand paper)
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Heat the fitting with a propane torch
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Wrap soldered joint with wet rags
Burned Lead
Joints
Copper Water
Tube
Method:
Measure the face to face distance of the fittings
Cut with sharp knife/hacksaw/handsaw
Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton (MEK)
or Acetone
Apply solvent cement to the shoulder fitting and
butt-end of pipe
Insert pipe into the fitting
When bending plastic pipes, pack pipe with sand
then heat using flame torch or hot water, gradually
applying pressure
Slip Joints
Expansion
Joints
Unions
Plastic Pipe
Connection to
Other Materials
bend