Automotive

Electronic
Systems
By CH.RAVIKUMAR
T.E.(EXTC) WIT

Disciplines in Automotive Eng

Safety Engineering

Fuel Economy/Emissions

Vehicle Dynamics

Vehicle Electronics

Performance

Shift Quality

Durability / Corrosion engineering

Package / Ergonomics Engineering

etc

Safety Engineering
Assessment of various crash scenarios and
their

impact on the vehicle

occupants

Requirements Include:
Seat belt and air bag
functionality
Front and side impact testing
Full vehicle crashes

Assessments are done with various

methods and tools:

Fuel Economy/Emissions
It is the measured fuel efficiency of the
vehicle in miles per gallon or litres per
100 kilometers.
Emissions testing the measurement of the
vehicles
emissions:
hydrocarbons
nitrogen oxides (NOx)
carbon monoxide (CO)
carbon dioxide (CO2), and

Vehicle Dynamics
It is the vehicle's response of the
following attributes:
ride, handling, steering, braking,
comfort and traction

Design of the chassis systems:

suspension, steering,
braking, structure
(frame), wheels and tires, and
traction control

Dynamics engineer to deliver the

Vehicle Electronics
Automotive electronics is an
increasingly important aspect of
automotive engineering
Responsible for operational controls
throttle, brake and
steering controls

comfort and

convenience systems

infotainment and lighting systems

It would not be possible for
automobiles to meet modern safety and

Performance
Performance is a measurable and testable
value of a vehicles ability to perform in
various conditions
how quickly a car can accelerate
(e.g.

standing start 1/4 mile

elapsed time,
(0- 60 mph, etc.)
Generate without losing grip, recorded lap
times, cornering speed, brake fade, etc
Performance can also reflect the amount of

Trends in automotive
CAR Technology

TRAFFIC

DRIVER SKILLS

> 1891
mechanical system
very low
very
high technical+skills
> 1920
pneumatic systems
low
high technical skills
+ hydraulic systems
low driving skills
> 1950
+ electric systems
increasing
good technical skills
increasing driving skills
> 1980
+ electronic systems
congestion
low technical skills
+ optronic systems starts
high driving
> 2010
+ nanoelectronics
skills
congested
very low technical skills
+ biotronic systemsoptimization
decreasing driving +
skills
> 2040
robotics maximal and no
starts
technical skills
+ nanotechnologyoptimized no driving skills

Automotive Electronic
Phase 1: Introduction of Electronics
in non-critical applications
Driver information and entertainment
e.g. radio,
Comfort and convenience
e.g. electric windows, wiper/washer, seat
heating, central locking, interior light control

Low intelligence electronic systems

Minor communication between systems
(pushbutton control)
No impact on engine performance
No impact on driving & driver skills

Automotive Electronic
Phase 2: Electronics support critical
applications
Engine optimization:
e.g. efficiency improvement & pollution control
Active and Passive Safety
e.g. ABS, ESP, airbags, tire pressure, Xenon lamps
Driver information and entertainment
e.g. radio-CD-GPS, parking radar, service warnings
Comfort, convenience and security:
e.g. airco, cruise control, keyless entry, transponders
Increasingly complex and intelligent electronic systems
Communication between electronic systems within the
car
Full control of engine performance
No control of driving & driver skills
But reactive correction of driver errors.
Electronics impact remains within the car

Automotive Electroni
Phase 3: Electronics control critical
applications

Full Engine control

Active and Passive Safety

e.g. start/stop cycles, hybrid vehicles

e.g. X by wire, anti-collision radar, dead-angle r

Driver information and entertainment

e.g. traffic congestion warning, weather and ro

conditions

Comfort and convenience

Very intelligent and robust electronics
Communication between internal and exter
systems
Information exchange with traffic network
Full control of engine performance

Automotive Electronic
Phase 4: Fully Automatic Driver (1 st
generation)
Traffic network takes control of the macro
movements (upper layers) of the car
Automatic Driver executes control of the
car and immediate surroundings (lower
and physical layers)

ADAM : Automatic Driver for AutoMobile

or EVA
Elegant the
Vehicle
Automat
Driver
has: become
Passenger
for the
complete
or at least for most of the journey
Driver might still be necessary if

ADAM becomes an Anarchistic Driver And

Madman

Where do we find electronics in a car

Compass
Interior Light System Power Window Sensor
Automated
Auto toll Payment
Stability Sensing
Cruise Control
Rain sensor
Entertainment
Head Up Display
LED brake light
Dashboard controller
Light failure control

Backup Sensing

Information
Navigation
Keyless entry
Central locking

Engine:
Injection control
Injection monitor
Oil Level Sensing
Air Flow
Throttle control
Valve Control
Headlight:
Position control
Power control
Failure detection

Suspension control
Key transponder
Door module
Seat control:
Position/Heating
Airbag Sensing &Control
E-gas

Gearbox: Position control

Brake Pressure

Emerging In-Vehicle
Networks

Introduction
In-vehicle networks
Connect the vehicle's electronic equipments
Facilitate the sharing of information and
resources among the distributed applications
These control and communications networks
are based on serial protocols, replacing wire
harnesses with in-vehicle networks
Change the point-to-point wiring of
centralized ECUs to the in-vehicle networking
of distributed ECUs

Introduction
Aims of In-Vehicle Network
Open Standard
Ease to Use
Cost Reduction
Improved Quality

Introduction
Benefits of In-Vehicle Network
More reliable cars
More functionality at lower price
Standardization of interfaces and
components
Faster introduction of new technologies
Functional Extendibility

Introduction
Decreasing wiring harness weight and
complexity
Electronic Control Units are shrinking
and are directly applied to actuators and
sensors

Introduction
modern automobiles networks
Buses

Speed

Origin

D2B(5Mbit/s, electrical or optical mainly for digital audio)

High

Auto

MOST(22.5Mbit/s, audio, video,control)

High

Auto

FlexRay(10Mbit/s, x-by-wire, safety-critical control)

High

Auto

Byteflight(10Mbit/s, constant latencies, airbag, sear-belt)

High

Auto

TTP(5~25Mbit/s, real-time distributed/fault-tolerant apps)

High

Auto

Bluetooth(10Mbits/s, wireless for infotainment equipments)

High

Consumer

CAN(50-1000kbit/s control only)

Low

Auto

J1850(10.4kbit/s and 41.6kbit/s, control)

Low

Auto

LIN(20kbps, control)

Low

Auto

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks

D2B (Domestic Data Bus )

Matsushita and Philips jointly developed

Has promoted since 1992
D2B was designed for audio-video
communications, computer peripherals,
and automotive media applications
The Mercedes-Benz S-class vehicle uses the
D2B optical bus to network the car radio,
autopilot and CD systems
The Tele-Aid connection, cellular phone, and
Linguatronic voice-recognition application

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks
Media-Oriented Systems
Transport (MOST)
It was initiated in 1997
Supports both time-triggered and eventtriggered traffic with predictable frame
transmission at speeds of 25Mbps
Using plastic optic fiber as
communication medium

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks
The interconnection of telematics and
infotainment such as video displays,
GPS navigation systems, active speaker
and digital radio
More than 50 firmsincluding Audi,
BMW, Daimler-Chrysler, Becker
Automotive, and Oasis Silicon Systems
developed the protocol under the MOST
Cooperative

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks

Time-triggered protocol (TTP)

It was released in 1998

It is a pure time-triggered TDMA protocol
Frames are sent at speeds of 5-25Mbps
depending on the physical medium
Designed for real-time distributed
systems that are hard and fault tolerant
It is going on to reach speeds of 1Gbps
using an Ethernet based star
architecture

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks

FlexRay

FlexRay is a fault-tolerant protocol

designed for high-data-rate, advancedcontrol applications, such as X-by-wire
systems (high-speed safety-critical
automotive systems)
Provides both time-triggered and eventtriggered message transmission
Messages are sent at 10Mbps

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks
Both electrical and optical solutions are
adopted for the physical layer
The ECUs are interconnected using
either a passive bus topology or an
active star topology
FlexRay complements CAN and LIN
being suitable for both powertrain
systems and XBW systems

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks
Byteflight
Developed from 1996 by BMW
A flexible time-division multiple access
(TDMA) protocol using a star topology
for safety-related applications
Messages are sent in frames at 10Mbps
support for event-triggered message
transmission

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks
Guarantees deterministic (constant)
latencies for a bounded number of high
priority real-time message
The physical medium used is plastic
optical fiber
Byteflight can be used with devices such
as air bags and sear-belt tensioners
Byteflight is a very high performance
network with many of the features
necessary for X-by-wire

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks

Bluetooth

An open specification for an inexpensive,

short-range (10-100 meters), low power,
miniature radio network.
Easy and instantaneous connections
between Bluetooth-enabled devices
without the need for cables
vehicular uses for Bluetooth include handsfree phone sets; portable DVD, CD, and MP3
drives; diagnostic equipment; and handheld
computers

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks

Controller area network (CAN)

Was initiated in 1981 and developed by

Bosch developed the controller
Message frames are transmitted in an
event-triggered fashion
Up to 1Mbps transmission speed
It is a robust, cost-effective general
control network, but certain niche
applications demand more specialized
control networks.

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks
Local interconnect network (LIN)
A master-slave, time-triggered protocol
As a low-speed (20kbps), single-wire
LIN is meant to link to relatively higherspeed networks like CAN
LIN reveals the security of serial
networks in cars

Overview of In-Vehicle
Networks
network is used in on-off devices such
as car seats, door locks, sunroofs, rain
sensors, and door mirrors

Roadmap of in-vehicle
networks
optics bus

Protocol Comparison

Protocol Comparison
Class A (<20 kbit/s) : LIN, CAN
Class B (50-500 kbit/s) : CAN, J1850
MMedia (> 20 Mbit/s) : MOST,
Firewire
Wireless : GSM, Bluetooth
Safety : Byteflight, TTP/C, Flexray

Future Needs for

Networking
Environment
Environment
Detection
Detection
Systems
Systems

Driver
DriverInterface
Interface

Steering
Steering
Systems
Systems

Rapidly
RapidlyIncreasing
IncreasingNumber
Number
of
ofFuture
FutureAutomotive
AutomotiveFunctions
Functions

Telematics
Telematics

Powertrain
Powertrain

Braking Systems

Interconnections in the
Vehicle

Functional Applications
Multimedia
Data Rate
X-by-wire
Consumer
Interface

Powertrain and
Vehicle Dynamics
Safety Bus

InfotainmentControl

Body
Electronics
Sub-Bus
Safety/Reliability

Strategic Technical
Considerations
MOST

Requirements

FlexRay

Telematics Applications
1 Mbits/s

CAN
20 Kbits/s

LIN
Close-loop Control Systems

AUTOMOTIVE SENSORS

Indoor/outdoor
Passenger Occupancy
temperature
Fuel level
Seat belt tension
sensors
Oil
sensor
Water
coolant
temperature

Rain sensor

Oxygen
sensor
Accelerometer

Parking senso
Speedometer
Odometer
Tachomete
r

GPS

Tire pressure monitor

Radar sensor
Wheel speed

Engine Sensors
Oxygen sensor
Oil sensors
Fuel gauge

Dip - stick

O2 sensors
High voltage: fuel mixture rich, little unburned oxigen
Low voltage: fuel mixture lean, excess oxygen

Oil sensors
On-board oil sensors
and oil analyzers
installed
Oil pressure:
Hydrostatic force per
unit area
Age of the oil in the
engine: dielectric
constant of the oil.
Parallel plate
capacitor separated
by oil. An oil dielectric
tester correlates to
the acidity of the oil
and indicates the level
of oil degradation

Fuel gauge

Float

Inaccurate due to its mechanism, shape of

fuel tank
Gauge: resistance , current , bimetallic
cools, straighten out, pull needle form full to
empty.
Newer car: resistor output into a
microprocessor compensate shape of tank
Damping needle movment up hill , down hill
, turn

Rotation sensors:
Speedometer/Tachometer/O
dometer

Sensors based on Hall

Effect
Speed
Wheel speed
Engine ignition
timing
Tahometer
Odometer

Speedometer
Transmission and driveshaft rotate

permanent magnet rotate

rotating magnetic field force act
on speed cup electrical curretn
flows (Eddy current) drag torque
needle rotate same direction as
magnetic field

Transmission output rotate

with a toothed metal disk
at the end
Stationary detector covers
a magnetic coil
Teeth move past the coil
interrupt the magnetic
field series of pulses
sent to computer

Rain sensor
Based on total internal reflection
LED or Infrared light source
Photodiode AmplifierCPUwipers on, windows up

Rain sensor
Offset amplification raise the sensitivity
of the sensor: night driving, high speed

Tire pressure monitor

RF communication with on board computer

Car alarm system

Simplest form, it is nothing but one or more sensors
connected to some sort of siren
Most modern car alarm systems:
An array of sensors that can include switches,
pressure sensors and motion detectors
A siren, often able to create a variety of sounds so
that you can pick a distinct sound for your car
A radio receiver to allow wireless control from a
key fob
An auxiliary battery so that the alarm can operate
even if the main battery gets disconnected
A computer control unit that monitors everything
and sounds the alarm -- the "brain" of the system

Door sensor
In a closed-circuit system, the electric circuit
is closed when the door is shut. This means that
as long as the door is closed, electricity can flow
from one end of the circuit to the other. But if
somebody opens the door, the circuit is opened,
and electricity can't flow. This triggers an alarm.
In an open-circuit system,
opening the door closes the
circuit, so electricity begins
to flow. In this system, the
alarm is triggered when the
circuit is completed

Shock sensor

Tilt sensor

Pressure sensor
Breaking glass has
its own sound
frequency
Air pressure brief
change as door
open, windows
break, even if the
inside outside
pressure is the
same

Radar detectors and

Jammers

Detects radar/laser
signals
Try to disturb the
reflected waves
Emits jamming
signals
Warn the driver

K
N
THA
U
O
Y