ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY

BY

SWARNANKUR GHOSH
DOCTORAL STUDENT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

THE BEGINNING.

POWER QUALITY- A
COLLECTIVE TERM
VOLTAGE
QUALITY

EMC

POWE
R
QUALI
TY

QUALITY OF
SUPPLY &
CONSUMPTI
ON

CURREN
T
QUALITY

POWER QUALITY
STUDY
Fundame
ntal
Concept

Soluti
on

Instru
mentat
ion

Sourc
es

Powe
r
Quali
ty

Effect

Modeling
&
Analysis

POWER QUALITY ISSUES

Any power problem manifested in voltage, current
and/or frequency deviations that result in failure or
mal-operation of customers equipment

Events or Disturbances :
The sudden significant
deviation of voltage or
current from its ideal wave
form.
Events are sudden
disturbances with a
beginning and an ending.
Monitoring of events takes
place by using a triggering
mechanism when a
threshold is exceeded.

Steady-State Variations:
Small deviations of the
voltage
or
current
characteristics
(e.g.,
frequency
or
power
factor)from the nominal or
desired value .
A property of any variation
is that it has a value at any
moment in time
Variations are steady-state
or
quasi-steady-state
disturbances that require (or
allow)
continuous

EVENTS OR
VOLTAGE
SAG : A decrease of the normal voltage level between
DISTURBANCES
10 and 90% of the nominal rms voltage at the power frequency, for
durations of 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.

CAUSE

Faults on the Power system network.

Faults in consumers installation.
Connection of heavy loads

DURATION:

Start-up of large motors

IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
TYPE

Typical
Duration

Instantane
ous Sag

0.5 30
cycles

Momentar
y Sag

30 cycles 3
sec

Temporary
Sag

3 sec 1
min

EFFEC
TS
Malfunction of

sensitive electronics based systems (PCs,

PLCs, UPS etc) that may lead to a process stoppage.
Malfunction of ASDs
Disconnection & malfunction of measuring & control unit

EVENTS OR
VOLTAGE
SWELL : Momentary increase of the voltage, at the power
DISTURBANCES
frequency, outside the normal tolerances with duration of more than one
cycle and typically less than a few seconds.

CAUSE
De-energization of large load
Energization of a capacitor bank
Abrupt interruption of current
Voltage swell in healthy phases during LG fault

DURATION:
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
TYPES

Typical
Duratio
n

EFFEC
TS

Damage or stoppage of sensitive equipment.

Instantaneous
Swell

0.5 30
cycles

malfunction of measuring & control unit

Momentary
Swell

30 cycles
3 sec.

Overheating.

Temporary
Swell

3 sec 1
min.

Interference with communication line

EVENTS OR
INTERUPTION:
It is the failure in the continuity of supply for a period of time. Here the
DISTURBANCES

supply signal (voltage or current) may be close to zero. This is defined by IEC as lower than 1% of the
declared value and by the IEEE as lower than 10%.

CAUSE

DURATION:
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995

Short Interruptions

Sustained
interruptions

Opening and automatic

reclosure of protection
devices.

Storms and objects

(trees, cars, etc) striking
lines or poles, fire.

Insulation failure,
lightning and insulator
flashover.

Equipment failure in the

power system network.

TYPES

Duration

Short
Interruption
s

0.5 cycles 1 / 2 sec.

Short Interruptions

Sustained
interruptions

Sustained
interruption
s

> 3 min

Tripping of protection devices.

Stoppage of all
equipment.

EFFEC
TS

Loss of information and

malfunction of data processing
equipment.
Stoppage of sensitive

EVENTS OR DISTURBANCES
VOLTAGE SPIKES :

Very fast variation of the voltage value for durations from a

several Micro seconds to few milliseconds.

CAUSE
Lightning
Switching of lines or
power factor correction
capacitors.
Sudden Disconnection
of CB

DURATION:
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
TYPES

Duration

SPIKES

0.5 cycles 1 / 2 msec.

EFFEC
TS

Destruction of low voltage components and

metering/controlling unit
Data processing errors or data loss.
Electromagnetic interference.

TRANSIENTS
IMPULSIVE

OSCILLATORY

EVENTS OR
Direct
or Indirect Lightning stroke on
DISTURBANCES
Transmission line.
The energy that comes with it is
about 100 kA and it happens in less
than 1 millisecond

Capacitor switching
Re-strike during circuit breaker operation & Current
chopping
Switching on & off a load

STEADY STATE
VARIATION
Voltage & Current Magnitude Variation

Voltage Frequency Variation

Current Phase Variation

CAUSE :
Variation of the total load of a
distribution system or part of it.
Actions of transformer tapchangers
Switching of capacitor banks or
reactors

CAUSE :
Unbalance between load and
generation
Short-duration Frequency
transients due to short circuits and
failure of generator stations

CAUSE :
Unbalance between load and
generation

STEADY STATE
VARIATION
VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATION :

Oscillation of voltage value, amplitude modulated by

a signal with low frequency.

CAUSE
Arc furnaces
Frequent start/stop of electric
motors (for instance elevators)
Oscillating loads
Frequently start/ stop of
electric ballasts

EFFEC
TS

Flickering of lights
Unsteadiness in the visuals

STEADY STATE
VARIATION
VOLTAGE
IMBALANCE :

A voltage variation in a three-phase system in which the

three voltage magnitudes or the phase-angle differences between them are not equal.

CAUSE
Large single-phase loads
(induction furnaces, traction
loads).
Incorrect distribution of loads
by the three phases of the
system.

EFFEC
TS

The most affected loads are three-phase

induction machines.
Increase in the losses.

STEADY STATE
VARIATION
NOISE
: Superimposing of high frequency signals on the waveform of the power-system
frequency.

CAUSE
Electromagnetic interferences.
Improper grounding may also
be
a cause.

EFFEC
TS

Disturbances on sensitive electronic

equipment.
May cause data loss and data processing
errors.

STEADY STATE
Categories
VARIATION

Effect

Under-voltage : Itis Daily equipment malfunction

a decrease in voltage
below 90% of its
nominal value for
more than one
minute.

topremature equipment
failure
Chronic under voltage can
cause excess wear on devices,
such as motors, whichtend to
run hot if voltage is low.

Over-voltage: When Injurious to sensitive

the voltage reaches
110-120% for a
duration longer than
1 min. It originate
from lightning
strokes, switching
operations, sudden
load reduction,
single-phase shortcircuits, and
nonlinearities.

equipments

Notching: During

Notching mainly results in

high-order harmonics,

commutation in

STEADY STATE
VARIATION
Waveform
Distortion &
Harmonics:
The generation and
transmission of Electric power
take place at nominally
constant levels

GENERATION of
HARMONICS

ORIGIN
:
The utilisation of electrical
energy require supply of power
with controllable frequencies
and voltages

HARMONICS: CAUSES
Magnetic Nonlinearities in TF
Non sinusoidal excitation current

Flat top flux & voltage Harmonics

Inrush Current

DC Magnetization

HARMONICS: CAUSES
Switched mode power supply

Arcing devices

Power electronics Converter

FACTS & Custom power devices

HARMONICS: CAUSES
Adjustable speed drive
DC Drive

AC Drive

HARMONICS: CAUSES
On Transformer
Stress on insulation

Increased Core & Copper Loss

Oscillating neutral and Non-symmetric phase voltage

Interference with communication line

HARMONICS: EFFECTS
On Rotating Machine
Increased Losses

De-rating & reduced efficiency

Effect on speed torque characteristics

Crawling

Cogging

High capacitive current

HARMONICS: EFFECTS
On Transmission System
Skin effect & Proximity effect
Increased Losses
Poor voltage profile
Increased Dielectric
Losses & Stress
Corona

On Protection System
On Capacitor Bank
Resonance
PF correction mal
operation
Dielectric Loss & Stress
On Measuring Instruments & Consumer equipment

POWER QUALITY INDICES UNDER HARMONIC DISTORTION

Total Harmonic Current (THC)

THC

hmax

Ih
h2

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

Total Harmonic Distortion of Current (THDi) :
When M = I; I = Harmonic Current

hmax

THD
Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage (THDv) :
When M = V; V = Harmonic Voltage

2
h

h2

M1
hmax

Total demand distortion (TDD):

TDD

2
h

h2

IL

POWER QUALITY INDICES UNDER HARMONIC DISTORTION

40

Partial weighted harmonic distortion (PWHD)

PWHD
Power under Harmonic Distortion

Power factor (PF)

Displacement Power factor (DPF)

True Power factor

TPF

DF
P
SPQ

P
cos
S

Mh
h 5

M1

POWER QUALITY INDICES UNDER HARMONIC DISTORTION

Power Systems Electromagnetic Phenomena (IEEE Std 11591995)

26

TOOL FOR WAVEFORM ANALYSIS

FOURIER ANALYSIS

FOURIER SERIES

FOURIER TRANSFORM

PROPERTIES:

Linearity
Translation/ TimeShifting
Modulation/ Frequency
shifting
Time Scaling

TOOL FOR HARMONIC ANALYSIS

DFT :
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) converts a finite list of equally spaced
samples of a function into the list of coefficients of a finite combination
of complex sinusoids, ordered by their frequencies, that has those
same sample values

Applications
Spectral analysis
Data compression
Partial differential
equations
Filter Design
Convolution

FFT :

TOOL FOR HARMONIC ANALYSIS

A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm to compute the discrete Fourier

transform (DFT) and its inverse by factorizing the DFT matrix into a product of
sparse (mostly zero) factors.

Why do we need FFT :

With complex x[n] and then using

equation (1), N complex
multiplications and (N-1) complex
additions are required to compute
each value of the DFT.
Consequently, to compute all
values of N, it requires a total of
complex multiplications and N (N1) complex additions. So
complexity ) which is hard to find
for large data set.
But FFT rapidly computes such
transform-ations byfactorizingthe
DFT matrixinto a product ofsparse
(mostly zero) factors & FFT
algorithms requireO(NlogN)
computation.

Example of FFT

FFT- ONE EXAMPLE

E

E 0

P1
Q1

FFT- ONE EXAMPLE

WAVELET TRANSFORM
Wavelet : It is awave-like"brief oscillation" which are purposefully crafted to
combined, using a "reverse, shift, multiply and integrate" technique called
convolution, with portions of a known signal to extract information from the
unknown signal.
Sinusoid
Wavelet

WAVELET over Fourier transform :

FT basis function are localized in frequency but not in time so small change in frequency will produce
changes all over the time domain.
For localization of spectrum there is window FT but there also the basis functions sine & cosine
which may not be matched with different function. Also there the window size is fixed for all
frequencies but Many signals require a more flexible approach - vary the window size to determine
more accurately either time or frequency.
Basis functions of the wavelet transform (WT) are small waves located in different times obtained
using scaling and translation of a scaling function and wavelet function. So, WT is localized in both
time and frequency.
Uses a variable length window: Narrower windows are more appropriate at high frequencies
(better time localization) & Wider windows are more appropriate at low frequencies (better frequency
localization)

WAVELET TRANSFORM
Wide windows do not
provide good localization
at high frequencies

A narrower
window is more
appropriate at
high
frequencies
Narrow windows
do not provide
good localization
at low frequencies

A wider window is
more appropriate at
low frequencies

WAVELET- MATHEMATICAL DEFINATION

Like sine and cosine functions in FT, wavelet TRANSFORMATION can

be defined as

Span of k(t): vector space S containing all functions f(t) that can
be represented by k(t).
Different wavelets

Haar

Morlet

Daubechies

Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT):

translation parameter,
(measure of time)

normalization
constant

scale parameter
(measure of frequency)

Mother wavelet
(window)

CWT: Main Steps

APPLICATION IN
PQ

Short duration variation like: impulses, notches, glitches, momentary interruptions etc can
be analysed using WT.
Very effective in Transient analysis. It is used to detect and localize those disturbances and
further identify the types of disturbances which is useful to find out their cause & effect.
Discrimination between an internal fault and a magnetizing inrush current has long been
recognized as a challenging power transformer protection problem which can be met by
WT.
Classification Of Power System Faults

CLASSIFICATION OF THE TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN POWER

TRANSFORMERS USING WT- ONE EXAMPLE [10]

THANK YOU

REFERENCES
1. Electrical Power Systems Quality, Second Edition, Roger C Dugan et
al.
2. Power Quality in Electrical Systems, Alexander Kusko , Marc T
Thompson
3. Power Quality Problems and New Solutions, Anbal T. de Almeida,
International Conference on Renewable Power and Power Quality 03
Vigo, April 9 11, 2003
4. Power Quality Engineering, G.T. Heydt
5. POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS Second Edition, Jos Arrillaga and Neville
R. Watson
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/
7. Total Harmonic Distortion and Effects in Electrical Power Systems,
Associated Power Technologies
8. Fast Fourier Transform For Extracting Frequencies Component Of
Power System Harmonics , Jeremias Matias Leda .
9. POWER QUALITY ASSESSMENT VIA WAVELET TRANSFORM ANALYSIS,
Surya Santoso, Edward J. Powers and W. Mack Grady , IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 1996