Modulati
on
Continuo
us
Pulse
Analog
Digital
Analog
Digital
Continuous:
Analo
g
AM
FM
PM
Digita
l
ASK
FSK
PSK
QPSK
QAM
MSK
Pulse:
Analo
g
PAM
PWM
PPM
Digita
l
PCM
DPCM
ADM
DM
2.
3.
Coherere
nt
Detection
Non
Coherent
Detection
For ex symbol is 1
S1(t)= 2P cos (2f0t)
Generator of BPSK:
Binary
data
sequenc
e
Bipolar NRZ
level encoder
b(t)
Balanced
Modulator
Carrier Signal
Waveforms:
BPSK Receiver:
Operation:
Spectrum of BPSK:
point 2
- Eb
(Euclidean
distance)
point 1
+ Eb 1(t)
Bandwidth:
BW=2fb
Advantages:
BPSK has a bandwidth which is lower than
that of a BFSK signal.
BPSK has the best performance of all the
systems in the pressure of noise. It gives
minimum possibility of error.
It has very good noise immunity
Disadvantages:
The only disadvantage is that the generation
and detection of BPSK is not easy.
It is complicated because synchronous
demodulation is used.
Probability of Error:
Pe=1/2erfc[E/N0]
Waveforms:
DPSK RECEIVER:
BANDWIDTH:
ADVANTAGES:
1.
2.
DISADVANTAGES:
1.
2.
3.
QPSK:
Ts=2Tb
Symbol
Phase (degrees)
01
/4
00
3/4
10
5/4
11
7/4
Types of QPSK:
OFFSET
QPSK
NON
OFFSET
QPSK
Delay is
present
called
OFFSET
Delay is
not present
Maximum
Phase
change is
900
Maximum
phase
change is
1800
OFFSET QPSK:
WAVEFORMS:
a)Input sequence and its
NRZ waveform
b)Odd numbered bit
sequence and its
waveform
c)Even numbered bit
sequence and its
waveform.
d) Carrier
e) Carrier
f) S0(t)
g) Se(t)
h) Final QPSK waveform
representing equation
RECEIVER:
m=0,1,2,3
..(1)
We get:
.(equations 2 and 3 respectively)
These are orthogonal signals and are carriers in QPSK modulator. Let:
- (P T )
s
-(P T )
s
Es
Es
(P T )
s
(P T )
s
BANDWIDTH = fb
M-ARY PSK :
TRANSMITTER:
RECEIVER:
BW=1/Ts (-1/Ts)
=2/Ts.
But Ts=NTb.
Therefore,
BW=2/NTb
Thus, BW=2fb/N
But (1/Tb)=fb
BFSK(Binary FSK):
BFSK Waveform:
Generation of BFSK:
Spectrum of BFSK:
Bandwidth= 4fb
f1=k
fs
f2=(k+2
)fs
f3=(k+4
)fs
f4=(k+6)
fs
Bandwidth:
BW=2Mfs .
But ,
fs=fb/N & M=2^N
Therefore B.W=2x(2^N)*fb/N
Therefore B.W=(2^N+1)*fb/N
Thus M-ary FSK needs a considerably
increased bandwidth as compared to M-ary
PSK .
Advantages:
The major advantage of M-ary FSK is that its
noise immunity improves and the probability
error reduces with increase in the value of M.
Disadvantages:
1.
A number of correctly tuned filters are
required for the reception of M-ary FSK
signal .
2.
Geometric Representation:
U3=2/Tscos(w3
t)
Es
U1=2/Ts
cos(w1t)
d=2Es
Es
U2=2/Tscos(w2t)
Comparison:
PARAMETER
BFSK
BPSK
Variable
Characteristic
Frequency
Phase
Bandwidth
4fb
2fb
Noise Immunity
High
High
Error Probability
Low
Low
Performance in
presence of Noise
Complexity
Bit Rate
Up to 1200bits/sec
Detection Method
Coherent/NonCoherent
Coherent
Comparison:
Parameter
M-Ary PSK
M-Ary FSK
Expression
2pscos(wct+m)
m = (2m+1)*/4,
m=1,2,M-1
2pscos(wct)
N*(M=2^N)
N*(M=2^N)
Symbol Duration
Ts=NTb
Ts=NTb
Information is
Transmitted
Through
Change in phase of
carrier
Change in
frequency of a
carrier
Demodulation
method
Coherent
Non coherent
Bandwidth
2fb/N
2^(N+1)fb/N