Taxonomy
*
Devil Cat
Ghost Cat
Florida Panther
Cougar
Domain:
Kingdom:
Eukaryota
Plantae
iNtroduction
Classification
organizing organisms into group based
on their similarities, which reflect
historical relationships among ancestry
Biological Diversity /
Biodiversity
the variety of living organisms live in
particular area or region
also means the number or abundance
of different species living within any
particular region
Scientist sometimes refer to the
biodiversity of an ecosystem
Eg: tropical rainforest, sea..
Taxonomy
branch of biology dealing with the
identification, naming and
classifying the diverse form of life
ordered division of organisms into
categories based on a set of
characteristics used to assess
similarities and differences
Modern:
Use genetics to study
taxonomy, classification
Earlier Era:
Use physical
characteristics
though classification by
Linnaeus was only based
on resemblances, many
features of his system stay
useful
The systems are:
Binomial system of
nomenclature (or binomial
designations for species )
Hierarchical classification
Spanish : Hombre
German : Herr
Chinese : Ren
French : Masculan
Latin : Homo
Hierarchical classification
based on the idea that :
the species was the smallest unit
each species or taxon nested within a
higher category
these groups become increasingly
inclusive as they become larger, going
from species to kingdom or domain
the taxa are dynamic, changing as our
knowledge of organisms and
evolutionary relationships change.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Becomes more specific as one
moves down the taxonomic
ladder
Here, domestic cat
Example
Diagram
Hierarchy
Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gearbox
Soup
Kingdom
Eumycota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum
Basidiomycota
Phylum:
Magnoliophyta
Class
Holobasidiomycetes
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order
Agaricales
Order:
Malvales
Family
Cortinariaceae
Genus
Cortinarius
Family:
Malvaceae
Species
Cortinarius archeri
Genus:
Hibiscus
Species
Hibiscus syriacus
Members of lower
level taxa are more
similar to each other
than are members of
higher level taxa
Members of different
genus in the same
Kingdom Animalia, eg
Equus burchelli (zebra)
and Equus caballus
(domestic horse), are
more similar than
members of different
Class, eg Mammals and
Birds
Equus
burchelli
Equus
caballus
Canis latrans
Canis dingo
Sus scrofa
Human classification
&
the characteristics
Classification system
1700s Carolus
Linnaeus classified
organisms into 2
large group:
-Plantae
-Animalia
Type
of
(prokaryotic
eukaryotic)
Levels
organization
(unicellular
multicellular)
cell
or
of
or
Five-kingdom system
Whittaker indicate that plants, animals
and fungi are all multicelular eukaryotes,
but each has its own mode of nutrition,
such as:
plants are autotrophic
(photosynthesis)
animals are heterotrophic (ingestion)
fungi are heterotrophic saprotrophs.
Monera and protista are unicellular.
Three-domain system
3 domains are Archaea, Bacteria and
Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea include prokaryotic
unicellular organisms that reproduce
asexually
Eukarya includes unicellular to
multicellular organisms whose cells have a
membrane-bounded nucleus. Most of them
involve in sexual reproduction with various
types of life cycles.
The Importance of
Biodiversity
Quality of life is dependent upon tightly
interwoven worldwide web of life
Humans (for example) depend upon
Composition of atmosphere
Fisheries, which are critical food sources
Many pharmaceuticals are dependent upon living
systems (many from rain forests)
Many, many other resources taken for granted
At present :
- identified species : 1.5 million
280,000 plants
50,000
vertebrates
Over 750,000
insects
Example:
a) Ursus horribilis / Ursus horribilis : grizzly bear
b) Panthera tigris / Panthera tigris : tiger
c) Homo sapiens / Homo sapiens : human
Protist
Paramecium
Animal Kingdom
Fish
Creeping creatures
Fowl
Trees
Bacteria
- Rigid cell wall, chloroplast,
unable to move
Beasts
Cattle
Unicellular microorganism
- move and ingest food
Aristotlea
400 BC
Attempted a classification
Theophrastus
Philosopher
Grouped more than 500
Carolus Linnaeus
Founder of Modern Taxonomy
1737 published system of taxonomy entitled
Systema Naturae
distinguished two kingdoms of living
things: Plant and Animal kingdoms
Instituted binomial nomenclature
Arranged related genera into orders; orders into
classes
his classification system is still used today;
however, we use a 5 kingdom system
Five-kingdom of life
Late 1960s, schemes with more than twokingdoms accepted.
Many biologist recognized five-kingdom
- Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia
Highlighted two fundamental different types of
cells prokaryote and eukaryote
3 domain
The classification Domain is above
kingdoms.
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
3 Domain
The domain is the most inclusive taxonomic category;
larger than a kingdom
The three domains are:
Domain Archaea
Includes newly discovered cell types
Contains 1 kingdom the Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
Includes other members of old kingdom Monera
Has 1 kingdom the Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya
Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of
eukaryotic cells
Protista
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Go to
Section:
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL
STRUCTURE
S
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
Cell walls
some; some
Cell walls
with
have
without
peptidoglyca
chloroplasts
peptidoglycan
n
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most
unicellular;
some
colonial;
some
multicellular
Autotroph or Autotroph or
MODE OF
heterotroph
heterotroph
Autotroph
or
NUTRITION
Amoeba,
heterotroph
Fungi
Animalia
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls
of
cellulose;
chloroplas
ts
No cell walls
or
chloroplasts
Most
multicellula
r; some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellul
ar
Heterotroph
Mushrooms,
Paramecium, yeasts
Plantae
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Mosses,
Sponges,
worms,
insects,
fishes,
mammals