Chapter 3 Outline
Node Voltage
Mesh Current
Source Transformation
Thevenin
Norton
Power
RECALL
Kirchhoffs Current Laws (KCL)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Laws (KVL)
Ohms Law
i 0
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Or
The summation of currents entering a node is equal to the
summation of
currents leaving the node
Convention: +i is entering and leaving
entering node
ileaving node
Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis provides a general
procedure for analyzing circuits using
node voltages as the circuits
variables.
Choosing node voltages instead of
element voltages as circuit variables
is convenient and reduces the
number of equations.
Nodal Analysis
Step to determine the node voltages:
1. Choose a node as the reference node.
2. Select voltages v1,v2,,vn-1 to the remaining n-1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to
the reference node.
3. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes.
Use Ohms law to express the branch currents in
terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to
obtain the unknown node voltages.
Cont..
Symbol for reference node
i2 i4 i1 i5
V1 V2
V2 0
10 5
4
6
3V1 5V2 60
At node 1, apply KCL
i1 i2 i3
V1 V2 V1 0
5
4
2
3V1 V2 20
eq :1
40
V1
13.33V
3
V2 20V
eq :2
Example 2
If the circuit contains dependent sources, the nodevoltage equations must be supplemented with the
constraint equation imposed by the presence of the
dependent sources.
i1
v1
i3
i2
+
V0
3V
2
+ 4V0
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
Using Voltage divider
v0
v 1 v 1 3 v1 4 v 0
0
5
1
5
2
v1 so that v1 + 5v1 - 15 + v1 5
8
v1 0
5
Example 4
CASE 1
Example 5
CASE 2
2 i1 i2 7
V1 0 V2 0
2
7
2
4
V2 20 2V1
Eq:1
V1 2 V2 0
V2 V1 2
Eq:2
22
V1
7.333V
3
V2 5.333V
ADA PEMBETULAN DI
SINI
Example6