By
Karl E. Case,
Ray C. Fair &
Sharon M. Oster
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
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Aggregate Supply
and the Equilibrium
Price Level
28
Prepared by:
Fernando & Yvonn Quijano
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
Aggregate Supply
and the Equilibrium
Price Level
28
11
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Aggregate Supply Curve
The Aggregate Supply Curve: A Warning
Aggregate Supply in the Short Run
Shifts of the Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
Causes of Inflation
Demand-Pull Inflation
Cost-Push, or Supply-Side, Inflation
Expectations and Inflation
Money and Inflation
Sustained Inflation as a Purely Monetary
Phenomenon
Looking Ahead
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Potential GDP
potential output, or potential GDP The level of
aggregate output that can be sustained in the long
run without inflation.
Short-Run Equilibrium Below Potential Output
Although different economists have different
opinions on how to determine whether an economy
is operating at or above potential output, there is
general agreement that there is a maximum level
of output (below the vertical portion of the shortrun aggregate supply curve) that can be sustained
without inflation.
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FIGURE 28.6 A Shift of the Aggregate Demand Curve When the Economy Is Operating at or Near
Maximum Capacity
If a shift of aggregate demand occurs while the economy is operating near full capacity, the result will be
an increase in the price level with little increase in output from point B to point B.
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Causes of Inflation
Demand-Pull Inflation
demand-pull inflation Inflation that is initiated by
an increase in aggregate demand.
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Causes of Inflation
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Causes of Inflation
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Causes of Inflation
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Causes of Inflation
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Causes of Inflation
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FIGURE 28.13 Output, Inflation, and the Interest Rate 1970 I2007 IV
The Fed generally had high interest rates in the two inflationary periods and low interest rates from the mid
1980s on. It aggressively lowered interest rates in the 1990 IV1991 I and 2001 I2001 III recessions.
Output is the percentage deviation of real GDP from its trend. Inflation is the 4-quarter average of the
percentage change in the GDP deflator. The interest rate is the 3- month Treasury bill rate.
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Inflation Targeting
inflation targeting When a monetary authority
chooses its interest rate values with the aim of
keeping the inflation rate within some specified
band over some specified horizon.
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aggregate supply
aggregate supply (AS) curve
cost-push, or supply-side, inflation
cost shock, or supply shock
demand-pull inflation
equilibrium price level
inflation targeting
potential output, or potential GDP
stagflation
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