Genome…..?

 A genome is all of a living thing's genetic material.

 It is the entire set of hereditary instructions for
building, running, and maintaining an organism, and
passing life on to the next generation.
 Genome Mapping…………?

 Assigning/locating of a specific
gene to particular region of a
chromosome and determining the
location and relative distances
between genes on the chromosome.
 Markers of Genome mapping……?

 Genetic markers.
 DNA Markers.
 Genetic Markers…….?
 A gene is a small piece of the
genome. It's the genetic
equivalent of the atom: As an
atom is the fundamental unit of
matter, a gene is the
fundamental unit of heredity.
 Genes are found on
chromosomes and are made of
DNA. Different genes determine
the different characteristics, or
traits, of an organism.
 Genetic Markers…….

 Any trait of an organism that can be identified

with confidence and relative ease and can be
followed in a mapping population.
 Genetic markers can be detected with the
naked eye.
Types of Genetic Markers…….

 NEPs.
 PBM.
 Naked eye polymorphism…….

 Inheritance can be followed with naked eye .

 Traits include in this group are plant height,
diseases response, photoperiodism, shape and
colour of flower etc.
 Can be generally scored quickly and simply with
out laboratory equipment.
 Protein based markers…….

 Detected as electrophoretic variants of protiens.

 Usually variants of enzyme called isozyme is
used.
 Relatively small number of protein polymorphism
may exist b/w two parents.
 DNA as a Marker…..?
 Mapped features that are not genes are called the DNA
markers.
There are three types of DNA sequence
feature that satisfy this requirement:-
 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs).
 Simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs).
 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
 RFLPs…..?

 RFLPs were the first type of DNA markers to be

studied.
 Restriction fragments are produced when a DNA
molecule is treated with a restriction
endonuclease.
 SSLPs……….?

 SSlPs are arrays of repeat sequence that repeat

sequences that display length variations. Different
alleles containing different numbers of repeat units.
There are two types of SSLPs:-
 Minisatellites.
 Microsatellites.
 Minisatellites, also known as variable number
of tandem repeats, in which the repeat units
is a few ten of nucleotides in length.
 Microsatellites or simple tandem repeats
whose repeats are much shorter.
 SNPs…..?

 These are individual point mutations in the

genome.
 Alterations in DNA involving a single base pair
are called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or
SNPs.
 It is estimated that ~60,000 SNPs occur within
exons; 85% of exons within 5 kb of nearest SNPs.
 Types of genome mapping….?

 Genetic mapping.
 Physical Mapping.
 Cytogenetic
Mapping.
 Genetic Mapping……?

 Schematic representation of
various genetic markers in
the specific order in which
they are located in
chromosomes.
 Approaches of Genetic Mapping…..

 Linkage analysis is the basis of genetic

mapping.
 Linkage is the tendency of genes and
other genetic markers to be inherited
together because of their location near
one another on the same chromosome.
 Physical Mapping…..

 Uses Molecular biology techniques to

examine DNA molecules directly in order
to construct maps showing the position of
sequence features including genes.
 Restriction Mapping……..

 Which Locates the relative position on the

DNA molecule of the cut sites for restriction
endonuclease.
 Cytogenetic Mapping……

 Depicts the location of various genes in a

chromosome relative to specific
microscopically visible landmarks in a
chromosome. Eg. polytene chromosome of
Drosophila.
 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization..
 DNA of concerned gene/DNA sequence is used as a Probe.
 Probes are usually fluorescently labelled .
 A flourescent microscope absorb light at a particular wave
length and then emits light at a longer wave length.
 Flourescent microscope are then used to detect the light
emitted by florescence.
 Probes binds only to specific sequence of the chromosomes
and fluorescence generates a colorful glowing band on the
chromosome against colorless dark background.
Applications of Genome mapping…

 Genome maps help scientists find genes,

particularly those involved in human disease.
 Genome maps are useful in the day-to-day
activities of molecular biology laboratories.
 Maps provide a language of landmarks that help
scientists work with DNA in this form.
 Genome maps also help scientists find and learn
about other important parts of the genome, such as
the regulatory regions that help control when genes
are turned on and off .
 Genome maps enable scientists to compare the
genomes of different species, yielding insights into
the process of evolution.