Senses
The Eye
The Eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Fig.49.9
Copyright2002PearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasBenjaminCummings
Focusing Light
The lens and ciliary body divide the eye
into two cavities.
The anterior cavity is filled with
aqueous humor produced by the
ciliary body.
The posterior cavity is filled with
vitreous humor.
The lens, the aqueous humor, and the
vitreous humor all play a role in focusing
light onto the retina.
Focusing Light
Accommodation
is the focusing of
light in the retina.
Mammals focus
by changing the
shape of the lens.
The lens is
flattened for
distant objects.
The lens is
rounded for near
objects.
Vision
Rhodopsin (retinal + opsin) is the
visual pigment of rods.
The absorption of light by rhodopsin
initiates a signal-transduction pathway
Receptor potential is hyperpolization .
Fig.49.13
Colorblindness is due to a
deficiency, or absence, of one or
more photopsins.
Vision
Rods and
Cones synapse
with nuerons
called bipolar
cells
Bipolar cells
synapse with
galgion cells of
optic nerve
The Ear
The ear consists of three basic parts - the outer ear, the
middle ear, and the inner ear. Each part of the ear
serves a specific purpose in the task of detecting and
interpreting sound. The outer ear serves to collect and
channel sound to the middle ear. The middle ear serves
to transform the energy of a sound wave into the
internal vibrations of the bone structure of the middle
ear and ultimately transform these vibrations into a
compressional wave in the inner ear. The inner ear
serves to transform the energy of a compressional
wave within the inner ear fluid into nerve impulses that
can be transmitted to the brain. The three parts of the
ear are shown below.
The Tongue
The receptors for taste, called taste buds, are
situated chiefly in the tongue, but they are also
located in the roof of the mouth and near the
pharynx. They are able to detect four basic tastes:
salty, sweet, bitter, and sour. The tongue also can
detect a sensation called "umami" from taste
receptors sensitive to amino acids. Generally, the
taste buds close to the tip of the tongue are
sensitive to sweet tastes, whereas those in the
back of the tongue are sensitive to bitter tastes.
The taste buds on top and on the side of the
tongue are sensitive to salty and sour tastes.
The Nose
The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of smell. The
cavity of the nose is lined with mucous membranes that have
smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve. The smells
themselves consist of vapors of various substances. The smell
receptors interact with the molecules of these vapors and
transmit the sensations to the brain. The nose also has a
structure called the vomeronasal organ whose function has
not been determined, but which is suspected of being
sensitive to pheromones that influence the reproductive cycle.
The smell receptors are sensitive to seven types of sensations
that can be characterized as camphor, musk, flower, mint,
ether, acrid, or putrid. The sense of smell is sometimes
temporarily lost when a person has a cold. Dogs have a sense
of smell that is many times more sensitive than man's.
Like the sense of taste, it's a chemical sense. They are called
chemical senses because they detect chemicals in the
environment, with the difference being that smell works at
dramatically larger distances than that of taste. The process of
smelling goes more or less like this:
1.Vaporized odor molecules (chemicals) floating in the air reach
the nostrils and dissolve in the mucus (which is on the roof of
each nostril).
2.Underneath the mucus, in the olfactory epithelium,
specialized receptor cells called olfactory receptor neurons
detect the odor. These neurons are capable of detecting
thousands of different odors.
Nails
The nail consists of:
nail root:-the portion of the nail under the
skin,
nail body: -the visible pink portion of the nail,
the white crescent at the base of the nail is the
lunula, the hyponychium secures the nail to the
finger, the cuticle or eponychium is a narrow
band around the proximal edge of the nail and
free edge: -the white end that may extend
past the finger.
Glands
Glands:participate in regulating body temperature.
There are three main types of glands associated with the
integument:
Sebaceous- Oil glands. Located in the dermis, and
secrete sebum.
Sudoriferous- Sweat glands. Divided into two main
types:
Eccrine - Most common, main function is regulation of body
temperature by evaporation, and
Apocrine - Responsible for cold sweat associated with stress.
Sensory Receptors
The End