MPK - 606

PERTEMUAN - 8

PROGRAM MAGISTER PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
SEMESTER II 2014

4
1.

RURAL
TO
URBAN

NORTH
TO
SOUTH

2.

GLOBAL
URBANIZATION
AND
URBAN/REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
ISSUES

FORMAL
3.
TO
INFORMAL

4.

CITIES
TO
MEGACITIES

DUALISME PEMBANGUNAN KOTA

RURAL
World Population lived in Urban Area :
TO
a. Year of 1800 : 3,00%
URBAN
b. Year of 1950
: 29,00%
c. Shortly after 2000

: 50,00%

Figure 1
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AREA
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

NORTH
TO
SOUTH

a. 1950 2050
The Urban population in third world countries will
have increase
16 times : - 200 million to 3,15 billion.
- Grows 140.000/day.
b. 2000 - 2010 The urban in Developing Countries will
be almost
Twice that of Developed Nations
Figure 2
PROJECTED URBAN POPULATION INCREASE
IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 1950 - 2025
Developing
Countries

Developed
Countries

FORMAL TO INFORMAL
a. Migrants
illegal

: They live in Squatter settlement, Shantytowns, Sub divisions

or Tenements in deteriorated and Peripheral neighborhoods.

b. Formal city is growing: 3 4%/year and Informal city is growing twice that rate.
c. 1/3 2/3 urban population lived inFigure
Illegal3Settlements

URBANIZATION AND PER CAPITA GNP IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

20% s/d 40% URBANIST

GNP PERCAPITA
< $ 1,000/YEARS

CITIES TO
MEGACITIES

a. 1970
b. 2000

Figure 4

CITIES WITH POPULATIONS OF

OVER 10 MILLION IN THE YEAR
1970 - 2000
4 kota Megapolitan tahun 1970 :
London.
Shanghai.
New York City.
Tokyo
BERTAMBAH MENJADI 23 MEGAPOLITAN
PADA TAHUN 2000
DAN PADA TAHUN 2025 > 40 MEGAPOLITAN

Penduduk kota Jakarta tahun 2000

mendekati angka 15 juta jiwa,
sekarang > 18 juta jiwa.

: 4 Megacities only.
: 23 Megacities

TAHUN 2000

(us.$ <Billion)

Negara-negara
Industri Baru sebesar
65,17
Asia Timur : 7,08
Asia Tenggara : 19,04
China, Mongolia dan
negara-negara Asia
Tengah : 28,82
Negara-negara di Kep.
Pasific : 0,01
Total : 120,12 (2000)
147,22 (2001)
269,62 (2010)

TAHUN 2020

(us.$ Billion)

Negara-negara
Industri Baru
sebesar 212,39
Asia Timur : 34,76
Asia Tenggara :
99,45
China, Mongolia dan
negara-negara Asia
Tengah : 237,13
Negara-negara di
Kep. Pasific : 0,02
Total : 6.400,70 (2020)

METHODOLOGY

1. Forcasting-smoting Approach
a. A simple method has been used
by The World Bank.
b. A strong relation beetwen
Infrastructure and Percapita
Gross Domestic Product.
1. Income Approach
a. In general for every one
percent growth in percapita
income, countries need to
increase infrastructure stock
by one percent of GDP.
b. At the same time, the compo
sition of infrastructure stock
changes significantly as income
rises

TOTAL ESTIMATE FOR

URBAN &
REGIONAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
PERIOD ON 2020

US $ 6,400.70
(Billion)

1. KEBUTUHAN PSP/W. AKAN TERUS

MENINGKAT SELARAS DENGAN
PERTAMBAHAN PENDUDUK PERKOTAAN DAN
WILAYAH.
2. KEMAMPUAN PEMKOT/KAB/PROV. DALAM
PENYEDIAAN DANA INVESTASI
PEMBANGUNAN PSP/W. TERBATAS.
DUALISME
PEMBANGUNAN KOTA

YANG SANGAT KOMPLEK

DIPERLUKANURBAN
TEROBOSAN
BARU
UNTUK MEMECAHKANNYA
AND
REGIONAL

DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

USER CHARGE

BETTERMENT LEVIES
Adalah tagihan modal utk
menutupi/membiayai investasi prasarana
Tujuan pungutan
Mendorong masyarakat yg mendapatkan
manfaat prasarana utk menanggung
biaya
Didasarkan atas jumlah area atau
besaran nilai taksiran manfaat yg
diperolehnya
Contoh : bea air irigasi

CONNECTION FEES
Adalah pungutan yang dilakukan
oleh perusahaan jasa pelayanan
kepada individu, misal air bersih,
telepon, sistem saluran
pembuangan kotoran
Tujuan untuk menutupi biaya yg
timbul akibat adanya tambahan
konsumen atas jaringan yg sudah
ada

DEVELOPMENT IMPACT FEES

Dibayar oleh developer kepada pemda
atau perusda sebagai kompensasi atas
dampak yg ditimbulkan oleh
pembangunan baru tersebut
Contoh : Pembangunan Perumahan
Skala Besar
Pungutan ini biasa dikenakan saat
minta IMB dan harus dibayar dimuka

PINJAMAN
Secara umum lebih pendek waktunya
dan relatif lebih mahal dibanding
obligasi
Bisa bersifat komersial atau non
komersial
Sumber : Pinjaman DN atau LN

OBLIGASI
Sumber dana : mobilisasi dana di
pasar modal
Bentuk dasar seperti pinjaman
yg dilakukan pemerintah
Jenis obligasi :
General obligation bonds
Revenue bonds

DEVELOPMENT EXACTION
Pungutan pada developer karena
pembangunan prasarana di lingkungan
(on site) area pembangunan, sbg salah
satu syarat sebelum pembangunan itu
dimulai.
Prasarana yg termasuk biasanya
adalah jalan, saluran air bersih dan
kotor, penerangan jalan, taman dsb nya.

 Besarnya pungutan : nego antar

developer dgn institusi yg mewakili
aktivitas masyarakat lokal.
Sehingga;
Kelebihannya : tidak ada biaya
konstruksi prasarana yg ditanggung
pemerintah
Kekurangan : kadang prasarana yg
dibangun dibawah standar

EXCESS CONDEMNATION
Sejumlah tanah disisihkan utk
pembangunan prasarana, sisa tanah
dibangun developer utk dibangun
kawasan komersial, dan developer
berkewajiban utk membangun
prasarana tersebut.
Instrumen ini biasa dipakai utk
revitalisasi prasarana kawasan kumuh

LINKAGE
Developer diminta membangun
prasarana di daerah tertentu utk
mendapatkan ijin pengembangan di
daerah yg diinginkan
Khusus utk pembangunan perumahan,
dimana developer diminta membangun
rumah sederhana utk pembangunan
rumah mewah

JOINT VENTURES
Kerjasama pemerintah swasta, dan
keduanya memiiki posisi seimbang.
Tujuan utk memadukan keunggulan
masing-masing pihak
Swasta modal, teknologi, kemampuan
manajemen.
Pemerintah sumber-sumber, kewenangan
dan kepercayaan masyarakat.

CONCESSIONS
Dikenal dalam banyak hal manajamen
prasarana, yaitu :
BOO
BOT
Divestiture
dll

Investasi privat 100%

Beberapa Pilihan Model

Divestasi

Konsesi

Investasi publik 100%

Leases

BOO

BOT

Kontrak manajemen

Kontrak pelayanan
Jangka waktu

Karakteristik Pilihan
Model

Kepemi
likan

O dan
P

Investa
si

Risiko

Jangka

Kontrak
pelayana
n

Publik

Publik dan
privat

Publik

Publik

12
tahun

Kontrak
manajem
en

Publik

Privat

Publik

Publik

35
tahun

Lease
(Sewa)

Publik

Privat

Publik

Dibagi
rata

8 15
tahun

Konsesi

Publik

Privat

Privat

Privat

25 30
tahun

Privat dan
publik

Privat

Privat

Privat

20 30
tahun

BOT/BOO

Divestasi

Privat
atau
privat-

Privat

Privat

Privat

Tak
terbatas
(tergantu

KASUS: PENGELUARAN
PEMBANGUNAN DI KOTA
SEMARANG

Sebagian besar cenderung dipergunakan untuk

pengeluaran rutin

 Perlunya manajemen pengeluaran yang

rasional :
dapat mendeteksi, akunting, dan menghentikan
kebocoran dalam pelayanan publik;
adanya mekanisme insentif dan disinsentif seperti
penalti bagi daerah yang kurang efektif;
mengurangi biaya dalam penyediaan pelayanan
seperti melalui staffing, pengaturan pelayanan
bersama dengan wilayah sekitarnya, perencanaan
dan penganggaran dan monitoring.
Diversifikasi penyediaan layanan misal melalui
kemitraan dengan pemerintah lokal yl, ataupun
kerjasama dengan swasta
Dukungan peraturan
(Kim, 1997)

Pengeluaran rutin
sebagian besar untuk
membayar gaji

Tahun 2001 pengeluaran untuk gaji melonjak sejak

desentralisasi diterapkan, sehingga penggajian di tingkat lokal
(eksekutif dan legislatif) membengkak dan membebani kota.

Adanya penurunan pengeluaran pembangunan saat

krisis (1998), namun kemudian cenderung meningkat
lagi pasca krisis

Pengeluaran rutin > pembangunan/modal

Implikasi :
Pelayanan publik dan pembangunan
menjadi terkesan tidak lebih penting
daripada pengeluaran rutin
OP Infrastruktur menjadi kurang
pendanaan( mis.jalan)

 Design-build-operate (DBO) *)
Build Operate Transfer (BOT)
Design-build-operate-maintenance
(DBOM) *)
Finance-design-build-operatemaintenance (FDBOM) *)
*) : diambil alih Pemerintah melalui transaksi jual beli.

PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Memberikan
Jasa Layanan

Pembayaran
Kontrak

SWASTA
SWASTA
Memberikan
Pelayanan

MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT

Membayar
Rekening

PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Memberika
n Jasa

Pembayara
n Kontrak

SWASTA
SWASTA
Memberika
n
Pelayanan

Membayar
Rekening

MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT

PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Bagi Hasil

Menyewakan

SWASTA
SWASTA
Memberikan
Pelayanan

ESCROW
ESCROW

Fee Pengelolaan

MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT
Pembayaran
Rekening

PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Melakuka
n BOT

Memberikan
hak BOT

SWASTA
SWASTA

Bagi Hasil

ESCROW
ESCROW

Fee Investasi
Memberika
n
Pelayanan

MASYARAKA
MASYARAKA
TT

Membayaran
Rekening

Kontrak
Konsesi

PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
SWASTA
SWASTA

Memberikan
Pelayanan

ESCROW
ESCROW

Fee Investasi

MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT
Pembayaran
Rekening

Build, Own, Operate (BOO).

The developer is responsible for design,
funding, construction, operation and
maintenance of the facility during the
concession period, with no provision for
transfer of ownership to the govt.
At the end of the concession period, the
original agreement may be renegotiated,
a new agreement may be negotiated, or the
facility may be purchased by the govt.

 kerjasama dengan masingmasing memberikan andil

dan pertanggung-jawaban
untuk suatu harapan di
masa mendatang

Partnership and
sustainability
Koordinasi dan maksimasi usaha
Masing-masing memberi dukungan atas komitmen yang
telah disepakati
Mengembangkan jenis dan jangkauan usaha yang
dikerjasasamakan
Meningkatkan sumber-sumber untuk ditingkatkan hingga
potensi pasarnya secara berkelanjutan
Working together : partners are not just donors

Roles
Responsibilities
Resources

Plan
(Coordination)

Preparatory work

Partnership
Competitiveness Agenda
Develop international
networks and collaborative
projects

Strength state-wide human

capital system

Productive sector growth trough innovation infrastructure and knowledge development

Public policy
to foster
industry
development

Increase the
number of
collaboration
networks

More access
to research
centers for
industry

Better access
to knowledge
and
technology

Develop and
attract highqualified
people

Enhance
research
capabilities

Increased regional capability on innovation and competitiveness

Partnerships and
collaboration frameworks
on e-government
From theory to practice

Definitions
Partnership :
etymologically, a
partner is a shareholder (pars
tenens)
PERKONGSIAN

Collaboration :
etymologically,
collaborate refers
to working together
(co-laborare)
KERJASAMA

Partners have
a common
interest
Collaborators
have a project
in common

Partnership
Who as a common interest?
Countries/governments who aim
at doing things right while not
necessarily doing the some
thing
Within one particular country,
government entities and private
entities who see their own
respective interest in the
success of e-government, while
not necessarily having the same
purposes, objectives of rules
(PPPs)
Any entity interested in
obtaining/providing competence,
expertise or other inputs to help
develop something

Examples/interests
International/regional for a where
best practices can be exchanged,
common interests are mainly for
sharing best practices, identifying
common trends and de facto
standards
Various kinds of PPPs (not to be
confused with delegations or
procurement); respective interests
are for cost reduction, efficiency,
new services, universal service,
(public sector) and profit (private
sector)
Support to national entities
provided by external player (e.g.
neighbouring country, regional or
international organization such
as World Bank, UN,..)

Collaboration
Who as a common project?
Countries/governments who
aim at developing their
respective e-government
strategies and plans in
coordination
Within governments/public
sectors, various
departments/entities working
at developing common
(shared) infrastructures,
databases, tools or standards
(e.g. for security,
interoperability, capacity
building)
Private-public partnerships in
e-government service delivery,
or upstream activities

Examples/projects
efforts to enhance good
practice sharing in the area of
national portals, or peer
reviews of national egov
policies
guidelines and principles of a
documents and public
services
Adopting common middleware
solutions (Public Service
Broker)
Adopting common platforms
for e-procurement
All types of PPPs (more
below)
Developing Public goods
such as research on e-skills

Public Private Partnerships

Definition
Definition

A public private partnership can be defined as an agreement between

government and private entities for the purpose of delivering a project or
service by sharing of risks and rewards of the venture.
Public Private Partnerships
Value
ValuePropositions
Propositions

Access
Accesstotoprivate
private
finance
finance

Reduced
Reducedoperational
operationalrisk
riskfor
for
the
public
sector
the public sector

Faster
Fasterdelivery
deliveryofof
capital
capitalprojects
projects

Project
Projectmanagement
management
skills
skills

Improved
Improvedservice
servicedelivery
deliverytoto
citizens
citizens

Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurshipand
and
innovation
innovation

Optimum
Optimumutilization
utilizationofof
government
governmentresources
resources

PPP Models: Investment Responsibility of Private Sector

Design
Designand
and
Build
Build

Build,
Build,Operate
Operate&&
Transfer
Transfer(BOT)
(BOT)

Fully
Fully
Government
Government
Venture
Venture
Contract
ContractLicense
License
(Operate
(Operate&&
Maintain)
Maintain)

Special
SpecialPurpose
Purpose
Vehicle
Vehicle(Joint
(Joint
Venture)
Venture)

Lease
Lease
Agreements
Agreements

Build,
Build,Own
Own&&
Operate
Operate
(BOO)
(BOO)

Build,
Build,Own,
Own,
Operate
&
Operate &Transfer
Transfer
(BOOT)
(BOOT)

Complete
Complete
Private
Private
Sector
Sector
Initiative
Initiative

Increasing Investment Responsibility of the Private Sector

Risk
Risk vs
vs Rewards
Rewards
Design and
Build

Contract
License

BOT

Lease
Agreements

Joint
Venture

BOOT

BOO

Degree of Risk

XX

XX

XXX

XXXX

XXXX

Degree of Reward

Type of PPP Model

Example :

Benefits of e-Government : on start of stage

Cost savings
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Government
Government
Increase in
foreign
investment in
the country

Better value
derived from
government
services

Better access
to information

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Businesses
Businesses
Better access
to information

Better access
to
government
services

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Citizens
Citizens
Better
customer
service

Example :

Benefits of e-Government : on medio stage

Cost savings

Efficiency and
transparency

Enhanced
political
capital

High
economic
growth

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Government
Government

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Society/Economy
Society/Economy
Efficient and
innovative
public sector

Citizen
satisfaction

Better value
derived from
government
services

Better access
to information
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Businesses
Businesses
Gain in
productivity

Increased
attractiveness
to investment
and talents

Better access
to information

Better access
to
government
services

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Citizens
Citizens
Better
customer
service

Example

Benefits of e-Government : end stage

Cost
savings
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Government
Government

Citizen
satisfaction

Better
access to
information

Efficiency
and
transparenc
y

Enhanced
political
capital

Local and
Central
Governmen
t Synergy

Efficient
and
innovative
public
sector

Clientcentricity

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Businesses
Businesses

Gain in
productivity

Better
access to
information

Competitive
Inclusive
Democracy

Better
access to
government
services

High
economic
growth
Increased
attractivene
ss to
investment
and talents
Better value
derived
from
government
services
Better
customer
service

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Society/Economy
Society/Economy

Benefits
Benefits to
to
Citizens
Citizens

Daftar Pustaka
Bird,R.M.(1999) User Charges in Local Government.
Worldbank paper
Potter,B. (1997). Budgetary and Financial
Management in Ter Minassian(eds)Fiscal
Federalism: in Theory and Practice. International
Monetary Fund, Washington DC
Kim,K.H (1997)Improving Local Government
Finance in a Changing Environment. Habitat
International,vol 21.no.1 pp17-28
Litvack,J.Ahmad J, and Bird R.(1998). Rethinking
decentralization in Developing Cpuntries/ Poverty
Reduction and Economic Management Sector Study
Series. Washington,DC: The WB