Disaster

Management
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What is disaster
management ???

A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that

cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human
life, deterioration of health and health services on a
scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected community or
area.
(W.H.O.)

A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either

nature or manmade that causes human suffering
and creates human needs that victims cannot
alleviate without assistance.
American Red Cross
(ARC)

What is Disaster
Management

What it involves ??
Dealing

with and avoiding both natural

and man made disasters.
Preparedness before disaster.
Rebuilding and supporting society after
natural disasters.

BACKGROUND
Enormous

population

pressures

and

urbanization
A

flood, a drought or an earthquake

millions of peoples are affected each time

a disaster occurs
Large-scale

displacement and the loss of

life, loss of property and agricultural crops

BACKGROUND
The

reasons for this are varied including:

an increasing population pressures in urban

areas

an increase in the extent of encroachment

into

lands,

e.g.,

river

beds

or

drainage

courses, low lying areas etc.

poor or ignored zoning laws and policies

lack of proper risk management (insurance )

TYPES OF
DISASTER

FACTORS AFFECTING
DISASTER

CHARACTERISTIC OF
DISASTER

Predictability

Controllability

Speed of onset

Length of
forewarning

Duration of impact

Scope and intensity

of impact

PHASES OF
DISASTER

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

Disaster management is the responsibility of all

spheres of government

Disaster management should use resources that

exist for a day-to-day purpose.

Organizations should function as an extension of

their core business

Individuals are responsible for their own safety.

Disaster management planning should focus on

large-scale events.

Contd.

DM planning should recognize the difference

between incidents and disasters.

DM planning must take account of the type of

physical environment and the structure of the
population.

DM arrangements must recognise the

involvement and potential role of nongovernment agencies.

PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

Disaster preparedness
Preparedness should be in the form of
money, manpower and materials
Evaluation
Location

from past experiences about risk

of disaster prone areas

Organization

of communication, information

and warning system

Ensuring

co-ordination and response

mechanisms

Contd.
Development

of public education

programme
Co-ordination

with media

National

& international relations

Keeping

stock of foods, drug and other

essential commodities.

E.g.: Indian Meteorological department (IMD)

plays a
key role in forewarning the disaster of cyclone-storms by detection
tracing. It has 5 centres in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatanam,
Chennai & Mumbai. In addition there are 31 special observation posts
setup a long the east coast of India.

The International Agencies which provides humanitarian assistance

to the disaster strike areas are United Nation agencies.
Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA)
World Health Organization (WHO)
UNICEF
World Food Programme (WFP)
Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD)

E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations

Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE)

International committee of Red cross
International committee of Red cross

Disaster impact

Disaster response
Epidemiologic

control

Vaccination

Nutrition

surveillance and disease

Rehabilitation phase
Water
Food
Basic

supply

safety
sanitation and personal hygiene

Vector

control

Disaster mitigation

This involves lessening the likely effects of emergencies.

These include depending upon the disaster, protection of

vulnerable population and structure.
Eg. improving structural qualities of schools, houses and such
other buildings so that medical causalities can be minimized.

Similarly ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health

services including water supply and sewerage system to reduce
the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction.
This mitigation compliments the disaster preparedness and
disaster response activities.

DISASTER-EFFECTS
Deaths

Disability
Increase

in communicable disease

Psychological
Food

problems

shortage

Socioeconomic
Shortage

losses

of drugs and medical supplies.

Environmental

disruption

DISASTER RECOVERY
Successful
Be

Recovery Preparation

vigilant in Health teaching

Psychological
Referrals
Remain
Nurse

support

to hospital as needed

alert for environmental health

must be attentive to the danger

Major Disasters in India

1984

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

2001 Gujarat earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
2008 Mumbai attacks

Indias Vulnerability to
Disasters

57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of

these, 12% is vulnerable to severe earthquakes.

68% land is vulnerable to drought.

12% land is vulnerable to floods.

8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.

Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India

are also vulnerable to chemical and industrial
disasters and man-made disasters.

GOI NGO Disaster

preparation and Response
Committee

Members
World Vision of India
SOS Children's Village India
Ramakrishna Mission
Plan international
OXFAM India Trust
Lutheran World Service India
Red Cross
Catholic Relief Services
CASA
CARITAS India
Voluntary Health association Of India
Action Aid
Action for Food Production-AFPRO
Indo German Social Services Society

Areas of Concern

Activating an Early Warning System network and its

close monitoring

Mechanisms for integrating the scientific,

technological and administrative agencies for
effective disaster management

Terrestrial communication links which collapse in

the event of a rapid onset disaster

Vulnerability of critical infrastructures (power

supply, communication, water supply, transport,
etc.) to disaster events

Contd

Funding : Primacy of relief as disaster response.

Preparedness and Mitigation very often ignored.

Lack of integrated efforts to collect and compile data,

information and local knowledge on disaster history and
traditional response patterns.

Need for standardized efforts in compiling and interpreting

geo-spatial data, satellite imagery and early warning
signals.

Weak areas continue to be forecasting, modeling, risk

prediction, simulation and scenario analysis, etc.

Contd

Absence of a national level, state level, and district level directory

of experts and inventory of resources.

Absence of a National Disaster Management Plan, and State level

and district level disaster management plans.

Sustainability of efforts

Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and Standard Operating

Procedures for stakeholder groups, especially critical first
responder agencies.

Emergency medicine, critical care medicine, triage, first aid

Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management

Floods : Ministry of Water Resources, CWC

Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Department

Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Department

Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Avian

Flu:

Ministry

of

Health,

Ministry

Environment,

Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management

Chemical Disasters : Ministry of Environment and

Forests

Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour

Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways

Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation

Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs

Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy

Mine Disasters : Department of Mines

Dynamics of Disasters

There is a high probability or a low probability for

an event happening somewhere sometime soon

The unpredictability of disaster events and the high

risk and vulnerability profiles make it imperative to
strengthen disaster preparedness, mitigation and
enforcement of guidelines, building codes and
restrictions on construction of buildings in floodprone areas and storm surge prone coastal areas.

New Directions for Disaster Management in

India

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has

been set up as the apex body for Disaster Management in
India, with the Prime Minister as its Chairman.

Disaster Management Authorities will be set up at the State

and District Levels to be headed by the Chief Ministers and
Collectors/Zilla Parishad Chairmen respectively.

New Directions for Disaster Management in

India

A National Disaster Mitigation Fund will be administerd by NDMA.

States and districts will administer mitigation funds.

A National Disaster Response Fund will be administerd by NDMA

through the National Executive Committee. States and Districts will
administer state Disaster Response Fund and Disaster Response
Fund respectively.

8 Battalions of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) are being

trained and deployed with CSSR and MFR equipments and tools in
eight strategic locations.

A National Disaster Management Policy and National Disaster

Response Plan will also be drawn up.

Lessons Learnt
Be

Prepared : Preparedness and Mitigation is

bound to yield more effective returns than
distributing relief after a disaster.
Create a Culture of Preparedness and
Prevention.
Evolve a code of conduct for all stake-holders

Future Directions

Encourage and consolidate knowledge networks

Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for more

effective preparedness, mitigation and response
(NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, NYK, Civil Defence,
Homeguards)

Increased capacity building leads to faster

vulnerability reduction.

Learn from best practices in disaster

preparedness, mitigation and disaster response

Future Directions

Mobilising stakeholder participation of Self Help

Groups, Womens Groups, Youth Groups, Panchayati
Raj Institutions

Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises, Mock

drills and Scenario Analysis

Indigenous knowledge systems and coping practices

Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster Risk

Management

Invest in Preparedness
Investments

in Preparedness and Prevention

(Mitigation) will yield sustainable results, rather

than spending money on relief after a disaster.
Most

disasters are predictable, especially in their

seasonality and the disaster-prone areas which

are vulnerable.
Communities

must be involved in disaster

preparedness.

Future Directions

Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child

friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly
disaster management

Technology driven but people owned

Knowledge Management: Documentation and

dissemination of good practices

Public Private Partnership

Best Practices

On 12 November, 1970 a major cyclone hit the coastal belt

of Bangladesh at 223 km/hr. with a storm surge of six to
nine meters height, killing an estimated 500,000 people.

Due to the Cyclone Preparedness Program, the April 1991

cyclone with wind speed of 225 km/hr. killed only 138,000
people even though the coastal population had doubled by
that time.

In May 1994, in a similar cyclone with a wind speed of 250

km/hr. only 127 people lost their lives.

In May 1997, in a cyclone with wind speed of 200 km/hr.

only 111 people lost their lives.

New possibilities
National

Urban Renewal Mission for 70 cities:

recent experience of unprecedented

extreme weather conditions in a few major
metros and megacities
100,000

Rural Knowledge Centres

( IT Kiosks): Need for Spatial e-Governance for

informed decision making in disaster-prone
areas: before, during and after disasters

Disaster Reduction Day

NIDM observed "Disaster Reduction Day" on the

12th October

Rallies and special lectures were organized in the

universities and colleges to mark the initiatives
of awareness for disaster reduction amongst
youth & children

Children's Colour Activity Book for Disaster

Preparedness

 FOR

INFORMATION ON DISASTERS DIAL

TOLL FREE No. 1070

Log

on to http://www.ndmindia.nic.in

DISASTER NURSING
It

can be defined as the adaptation of

professional nursing skills in

recognizing and meeting the nursing,
physical and emotional needs
resulting from a disaster.

Any Questions ?