IT

IT

Presentation of liuming jing #117

Multi-terminal HVDC protection

INDEX
DC pole-to-ground faults
Fault voltage
Fault current
Fault detection
Communication-less
Communication-based
Fault location
Communication-less
Communication-based
PSCAD model

DC pole-to-ground faults
Fault voltage
After fault occurence, the voltage at the fault location decreas
es.
The voltage drop at the fault location occurs very quickly, but
not instantaneously due to the voltage supporting, distribute
d line capacitance and the inductance in the fault path.
Negative voltage surges start to travel from the fault location
into both directions towards the terminals. After that, the neg
ative voltage surge is reflected back.

DC pole-to-ground faults
Fault current
The midpoint of the capacitor is usully grounded. The ground
ed capacitor midpoint and the ground fault form a loop that p
rovokes a discharge of the capacitors.
The discharge current of the capacitor is then superposed on
the reflected, backward traveling current surge, which can be
approximated by the convolution of the incident waveform an
d the impulse response of the filter.
Refelected surge arrives again at the fault location, one part i
s reflected and the other part transmitted through the fault in
to the opposite section of the line according to the relection c
oeffient and transmission coefficient.

Fault detection
Fault detection-Communication less
Protection based on local measurement. Four variables have
been investigated in the follwing:
DC
DC
DC
DC

current
current derivative
voltage
voltage derivative

Protection devices:
Overcurrent relay
Under volatge relay
Derivative relay
Wavelet based relay

Fig.1The protection zone for VSC

Fig.2 Protection logic for MTDC

Fault detection
Fault detection-Communication based
Differential relay
The sum of the currents at two ends should be zero
The i_sum is the sum of the real time local measurement and a his
tory data of remote measurement.
1 is the communication delay for 200 KM fiber optic
The purpose is to make the detection time as short as possible

(1)

Fig.3 Differential protection for MTDC

Fault location
Fault location-communication less
Fault location can be identified by measuring the current com
ponent at the characteristic frequency. In external fault, the c
haracteristic frequency current measured by CT is smaller co
mpared with the non-characteristic frequency current. In cont
rary, the characteristic frequency current is larger than the no
n-characteristic frequency current in internal fault.
(2)

Fig.4 Effective zone of DC transmission line

Fault location
Fault location-communication less
The advanced signal processing method such as Wavelet trans
formation can be used for current signal processing.
Complex wavelet transform is used in order to detect the no
n-integer harmonics. Complex wavelet has the advantages of
smooth and symmetry which make it easy to match the signal
phase-frequency characteristic.
(3)
The wavelet transform coefficient

is the characterization of the fre

quency in the input signal at the time .

Fault location

location-communication less
Fault

The phase angle curve of complex wavelet coefficient can be express

ed as:
(4)
Where is the wavelet transform coefficient of the transient current f
rom Eq.(18).
A new criterion is presented in this paper. The fundamental frequenc
y is set as 600 Hz =24).The test frequency is set as 750 Hz (1.25 th).
To supervise the change times of the phase curve in the time window
s of , the number of the phase angles greater than 3 radians will be c
ounted
(5)
( is the setting value) indicates the percentage of 750 Hz
harmonic is small compared to 600 Hz harmonic. Therefor
e, it is considered as an internal fault.

Fault location
Fault location- Communication based
Travelling wave based fault location method
In this type, the fault location can be determined by equation
below,
(6)
Where d is the distance from the fault to a terminal b, (Ta-Tb) the dif
ference in arrival times at station a and station b, and L the line leng
th between the two stations.

The estimation of fault location is determined by two factors:

Wave velocity
Arrival time (s)

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HVDC Protection
Critical clearing time
Reference : Teleprotection in multi-terminal HVDC supergrids
(2014)
Find the critical clearing time of CB1 for 1km and 99km fault o
f the power system below
Determine how to detect the fault (Use the same criteria for 1km
and 99km fault)
CB3

100 km

CB4

CB1

CB2
20 km

CB5

100 km

CB6

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Critical clearing time

Critical clearing time
Fault happens->Time delay
(1) Distance of the transmission line between the fault and co
nverter (2)DC link capacitor discharge into the fault -> time d
elay.
Time delay-> Diodes begin to conduct the current -> The prot
ection system must intervene quickly before the diode curren
t reaches 2 p.u.
di/dt can be used for fault detection. The critical clearing time
is calculated by subtracting the time taken for the converters
to de damaged from the time taken by each converter termin
al to identify a fault has occurred.

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Critical clearing time

Fault detection
Derivate relay (dI/dt,du/dt), Fault detection
Wavelet based relay (Fault detection, fault location)
Travelling wave based relay (Fault detection, fault location)

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PSCAD model
PSCAD model
Pos

Cable4 C1

500 [MVA]
170 [kV] / 150 [kV]
in

#1

C2

#2
R=0

Neg

F = 3000 [Hz]

C
Cable2

C1
pos

500 [MVA]
170 [kV] / 150 [kV]
#2

in

#1

Cable3

C2

C1

Cable4

R=0
neg

F = 3000 [Hz]

C2

C
Cable3

Cable2

C1

Idc_bus2
pos

C2

Idc_s1

#2
R=0

C1 Cable2

pos
in

#1

#1

F = 3000 [Hz]

C
Cable2

C2

#2

A
V

neg

Cable3 C1 I_t_1

500 [MVA]
170 [kV] / 150 [kV]

500 [MVA]
170 [kV] / 150 [kV]
out

Udc_Bus_2

Udc_Bus_1

C2

R=0

1.0 [ohm] 0.1 [H]

C1
Fault

F = 3000 [Hz]

neg

Cable5

C2
C
Cable2

Pos

1.0 [ohm] 0.1 [H]

Cable5

500 [MVA]
170 [kV] / 150 [kV]

C1
In

#1

#2
R=0

C2
Neg

F = 3000 [Hz]

Fig.5 PSCAD model of 5 terminal HVDC

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Q&A

Thank you for your attention !

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