8051 DIRECTIVES

Directives are commands of assembly language itself and

have no influence on the operation of the microcontroller

DB directive
The DB directive is used for writing
specified value into program memory.
If several values are specified, then
they are separated by a comma. If
ASCII array is specified, it should be
enclosed within single quotation
marks.
For example : CSEG DB
22,33,Alarm,44 If this directive is
preceded by a label, then the label will
point to the first element of the array.
It is the number 22 in this example.

EQU directive
The EQU directive is used to replace a number by a
symbol.
Syntax: Name EQU Constant
For example:
MAXIMUM EQU 99 After using this directive, every
appearance of the label MAXIMUM in the program will
be interpreted by the assembler as the number 99
(MAXIMUM = 99). Symbols may be defined this way only
once in the program. The EQU directive is mostly used
at the beginning of the program therefore.

SET directive
The SET directive is also used to replace a
number by a symbol. The significant difference
compared to the EQU directive is that the SET
directive can be used an unlimited number of
times:
SPEED SET 45SPEED SET 46SPEED SET 57

BIT directive
The BIT directive is used to replace a bit address by a
symbol. The bit address must be in the range of 0 to
255 (00 H to FF H).
Syntax: Name BIT 8051 bit
For example:
TRANSMIT BIT PSW.7; Transmit bit (the seventh bit in
PSW register); is assigned the name
TRANSMITOUTPUT BIT 6 ;Bit at address 06 is assigned
the name OUTPUTRELAY BIT 81 ;Bit at address 81
(Port 0)is assigned the name ;RELAY

CODE directive
The CODE directive is used to assign a symbol to
a program memory address. Since the maximum
capacity of program memory is 64K, the address
must be in the range of 0 to 65535(0000 H to
FFFF H).
Syntax: Name CODE code address
For example:
RESET CODE 0 ;Memory location 00h called
RESETTABLE CODE 1024 ;Memory location
1024h called TABLE

DATA directive
The DATA directive is used to assign a symbol to an
address within internal RAM and SFR. The address must
be in the range of 0 to 255 (00 H to FF H). It is possible
to change or assign a new name to any register.
Syntax: Name DATA data address
For example:
TEMP12 DATA 32 ;Register at address 32 is named ;as
TEMP12STATUS_R DATA D0h ;PSW register is assigned
the name ;STATUS_R

IDATA directive
The IDATA directive is used to change or assign a new
name to an indirectly addressed register. It is an
address of entire internal RAM.
Syntax: Name IDATA idata address
For example:
TEMP22 IDATA 32 ;Register whose address is in
register ;at address 32 is named as TEMP22TEMP33
IDATA T_ADR ;Register whose address is in ;register
T_ADR is named as TEMP33

XDATA directive
The XDATA directive is used to assign a name to
registers within external (additional) RAM
memory. The addresses of these registers cannot
be larger than 65535 (0000 h to FFFF H).
Syntax: Name XDATA xdata address
For example:
TABLE_1 XDATA 2048 ;Register stored in
external; memory at address 2048 is named; as
TABLE_1

ORG directive : Origin

The ORG directive is used to specify a location in
program memory where the program following directive
is to be placed.
Syntax: ORG address
Address can be given in either in hex or decimal.
For example:
BEGINNING ORG 100
...
...ORG 1000hTABLE
...
...This program starts at location 100. The
table containing data is to be stored at location 1024
(1000h).

USING directive
The USING directive is used to define which register
bank (registers R0-R7) is to be used in the program.
Syntax: USING Bank no.
USING 0 ;Bank 0 is used (registers R0-R7 at RAMaddresses 0-7)USING 1 ;Bank 1 is used (registers R0-R7
at RAM-addresses 8-15)USING 2 ,Bank 2 is used
(registers R0-R7 at RAM-addresses 16-23)USING 3 ;Bank
3 is used (registers R0-R7 at RAM-addresses 24-31)

END directive : End of program

The END directive is used at the end of every
program. The assembler will stop compiling once
the program encounters this directive.
Syntax: END
For example:
END ;End of program

8051 Data Types

Data type can be defined as the type of data of variable
or constant store.

DATATYPE

PRIMARY
DATATYPE

DERIVED
DATATYPE

INTEGER
CHAR
FLOAT
VOID

ARRAY
POINTER
STRUCTURE
UNION

USER DEFINED
TYPE

TYPEDEF
ENUM

INTEGER DATA TYPE

Integers are whole numbers with a machine dependent
range of values. A good programming language as to
support the programmer by giving a control on a range of
numbers and storage space. C has 3 classes of integer
storage namely short int, int and long int. All of these
data types have signed and unsigned forms. A short int
requires half the space than normal integer values.
Unsigned numbers are always positive and consume all
the bits for the magnitude of the number. The long and
unsigned integers are used to declare a longer range of
values.

CHARACTER DATA TYPE

It can store any member of the C++ implementation's
basic character set. If a character from this set is stored
in a character variable, its value is equivalent to the
integer code of that character. Character data type is
often called as integer data type because the memory
implementation of char data type is in terms of the
number code.

FLOAT DATA TYPE

A number having fractional part is a floating- point
number. An identifier declared as float becomes a
floating-point variable and can hold floating-point
numbers. floating point variables represent real numbers.
They have two advantages over integer data types:1. they can represent values between integers.
2. they can represent a much greater range of values.
Disadvantage:
3. their operations are usually slower.

DOUBLE DATA TYPE

The data type double is also used for handling floatingpoint numbers. But it is treated as a distinct data type
because, it occupies twice as much memory as type
float, and stores floating-point numbers with much larger
range and precision. It is slower that type float.

VOID DATA TYPE

It specifies an empty set of values. It is used as the return
type for functions that do not return a value. No object of
type void may be declared. It is used when program or
calculation does not require any value but the syntax
needs it.

Keyword

Format
Specifier

Size

Data Range

char

%c

1 Byte

-128 to +127

unsigned char

%c

1 Bytes

0 to 255

int

%d

2 Bytes

-32768 to
+32767

long int

%ld

4 Bytes

-231 to +231

unsigned int

%u

2 Bytes

0 to 65535

4 Bytes

-3.4e38 to
+3.4e38

8 Bytes

-1.7e38 to
+1.7e38

10Bytes

-3.4e38 to
+3.4e38

float
double
long double

%f
%lf
%Lf

User defined type declaration

C language supports a feature where user can define an
identifier that characterizes an existing data type.
This user defined data type identifier can later be used
to declare variables.
In short its purpose is to redefine the name of an
existing data type.

Example
Syntax:
typedef <type> <identifier>;
typedef int

marks;

marks batch1,batch2;

Enumeration(Enum)- user defined

datatype
The identifier is a user defined enumerated datatype
which helps to declare variables that can have one of
the value enclosed in braces.
Syntax enum identifier {value1,value2.valuen};