05

DENSITY
is defined as the ratio of the mass of fluid to its volume.
It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kgm-3

= m
V

kg
m3

If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is incompressible.

If the density varies significantly (eg some gas flows), the flow is compressible.

Density measurement

Piknometer

Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

Water

= 1000
=
62.3

kg/m3
lbm/ft3

Mercury

= 13,500

kg/m3

Air

1.22 kg/m3

API gravity is an alternative method of comparing the

densities of different petroleum substances. The API
system of gravity measurement has units called 'Degrees
API' (API). The device used for the measurement of API
and specific gravity is the 'HYDROMETER'.

API gravity is calculated from the Specific Gravity as

follows: API = (141.5 SG) - 131.5

Example 2: An oil has an API gravity of 42.0. Calculate its S.G.

S.G. = 141.5 (131.5 + 42) = 141.5 173.5 = 0.816 SG
From the above formulae, it is found that pure water (S.G. = 1.000) has an API gravity of 10.
As fluid density decreases, the API gravity increases.

Effect of Temperature on Density

Densities of gasses increase with pressure

Densities of liquids are nearly constant (incompressible) for constant
temperature
Specific volume = 1/density

Density (kg/m3)

1000
990
980
970
960
950
0

50
100
Temperature (C)

Specific Weight
g

[ N / m 3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]

Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

water

= (998 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)

= 9790 N/m3
[= 62.4 lbf/ft3]

air

= (1.205 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)

= 11.8 N/m3
[= 0.0752 lbf/ft3]

Specific Gravity
Ratio of fluid density to density water at
specified T dan P (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
SGliquid
SG gas

Water
Mercury
Air

liquid
water
gas
air

liquid
9790 kg / m 3

gas
1.205 kg / m 3

SGwater = 1
SGHg = 13.6
SGair = 1

fluid at rest
no relative motion between particles
no shearing forces present

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

P gh

HYDROSTATIC Pressure

is not influenced by the size or shape of the tank or

container

Fluid is the same in all containers

Pressure is the same at the bottom of all containers

Derivation of hydrostatic pressure

Tekanan atas
Pb

F 0
F = gaya dari atas + gaya dari bawah + gaya gravitasi = 0

Pa xy Pb xy gxyz 0
Densitas=

Zb

Pa Pb
g
z

Za

Tekanan bawah
Pa

dP
g
dz

COMMON STATIC FLUID APPLICATION

Measurement of pressure,
Vessel thickness design,
Separation of fluids with different density,
Hydraulic jack
Design of ship

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES

Presure Unit
Gaya per satuan luas.

Nm-2
(Pa)

p=

F
A

N
m2

patmosfir= 1.013X105 Nm-2Pa (Pascal)

1 psi = 6895 Pa

Units for Pressure

Unit

Definition or
Relationship

1 pascal (Pa)

1 kg m-1 s-2

1 bar

1 x 105 Pa

1 atmosphere (atm) 101,325 Pa

1 torr

1 / 760 atm

760 mm Hg

1 atm

14.696 pounds per

sq. in. (psi)

1 atm

ABSOLUTE, GAUGE AND DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURES

Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a
perfect vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus
atmospheric pressure.
Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient
air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus
atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually
omitted.
Differential pressure is the difference in pressure
between two points.

Absolute & gauge pressure

P2 P1 g( z 2 z1 )

Hydrostatic pressure equation

The Absolut pressure

at any depth below the free
surface, with Po is the pressure
at the free surface (P1=Patm)
The gauge pressure P,
The Absolut pressure
at any depth below the free
surface, with Po is the pressure
at the free surface (P1=0)

P2 gh Patm

P2 gh

ABSOLUTE AND GAGE PRESSURE

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE: The pressure of a fluid is
expressed relative to that of vacuum (=0)
GAGE PRESSURE: Pressure expressed as the
difference between the pressure of the fluid and that of
the surrounding atmosphere

Pabs Pgauge Patm

atmospheric pressures, deep vacuum pressures must be absolute

Atmospheric pressure is typically about 101.325 kPa or 100
kPa or 30 inHg at sea level, but is variable with altitude and
weather.

a vacuum of 26 inHg gauge is equivalent to an absolute

pressure of 30 inHg (typical atmospheric pressure) 26 inHg =
4 inHg.

Tire pressure and blood pressure are gauge pressures by

convention

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Many techniques have been developed for the
measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments
used to measure pressure are called pressure
gauges.
A manometer.
The term manometer is often used to refer specifically
to liquid column hydrostatic instruments, which is
usually limited to measuring pressures near to
atmospheric

THE BOURDON PRESSURE GAUGE

Bourdon tubes measure gauge pressure, relative to ambient atmospheric pressure

The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube
tends to change to be straightened, when pressurized.
The strain of the material of the tube is magnified by forming the tube
into a C shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to
straighten out or uncoil, elastically.

Manometer
Manometers are devices in which one or more
columns of a liquid are used to determine the
pressure difference between two points.
U-tube manometer
Inclined-tube manometer

U-tube Manometer

Liquid column
THE U-TUBE MANOMETER.

A manometer
is a U-shaped
tube that is
partially filled
with liquid.

Both ends of the

tube are open to the
atmosphere.

The difference in fluid height in a liquid column

manometer is proportional to the pressure difference.

Measurement of Pressure Difference of 2 points

Basic equation of static fluids :

to both legs of manometer, P2=P3.

P2 Pa b g ( Z m Rm )
P3 Pb b g ( Z m ) a gRm
Pa Pb gRm ( a b )

Measuring the pressure inside a container

C
Cylinder
of gas

A
B

Point A is the original location of the

top of the fluid before the gas
cylinder is connected.

Pc Patm
PB PB'

B
PB ' PB PC gd
PB PC PB Patm gd
Pgauge gd

Example problem

Using a u-tube manometer to measure gauge pressure of fluid density 700

kg/m3, and the manometric fluid is mercury, with a relative density of 13.6.
What is the gauge pressure if:
a). h1 = 0.4m and h2 = 0.9m?
b) h1 stayed the same but h2 = -0.1m?

U-tube manometer using more than 1 fluid

Inclined Manometer
To measure small pressure differences need to magnify
Rm some way.

Pa Pb gR1 ( a b ) sin

BAROMETERS
A barometer is used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere. The simplest
type of barometer consists of a column of fluid.

Schematic drawing of a simple mercury barometer

with vertical mercury column and reservoir at base

Measuring Pressure Barometers

p2 - p1 = gh
pa = gh
examples
water:
h = pa/g =105/(103*9.8) ~10m
mercury:
h = pa/g =105/(13.4*103*9.8) ~760mm

vacuum

p1 = 0

h
p2 = pa

Atmospheric Pressure
The atmospheric pressure can be measured with a barometer.

patm gh p vapor
For mercury barometers atmospheric pressure
(101.33kPa) corresponds to h=760 mmHg (= 29.2 in)
If water is used h = 10.33 m H2O (= 34 ft)

Pressure-depth calculation become difficult

when density is affected by P and T
density varies with temperature and pressure

=P M /RT

CONSTANT Temperature
For small elevation changes (as in engineering applications,
tanks, pipes etc) we can neglect the effect of elevation on
pressure
pV nRT

dp
g
dz

M
p

V
RT

for T To const :

p p0 exp

g ( z z0 )
RTo

RT
M

Linear Temperature Gradient

T T0 ( z z 0 )
p

dp
g z
dz

R z0 T0 ( z z 0 )
p0 p
g

T0 ( z z 0 ) R
p ( z ) p0

T0

Atmospheric Equations
Assume constant

p ( z ) p0 e

g ( z z0 )

RT0

Assume linear
g

T0 ( z z 0 ) R
p ( z ) p0

Temperature variation with altitude

for the U.S. standard atmosphere

Compressible Isentropic
P
P1
constant

Cp

T P

T1 P1

1 y

Cv

P2 P1 1

gMz

RT1

Application: bottom hole conditions in gas wells

T2 T1 1

gMz

RT1

Example : Depth pressure calculation

Tekanan pada permukaan air danau adalah 105 kPa.
Hitung tekanan pada kedalaman 35.0 m dibawah
permukaan air.

P Patm dg
P P Patm dg

1000 kg/m 3 9.8 m/s 2 35 m

343 kPa 3.4 atm

Kerapatan air segar

Example
How far below the surface of the ocean on Earth do
you need to be to experience the same pressure as
the surface of Venus (95 atm)?

P Patm dg
95 atm 1 atm dg

dg 94 atm 9.5 10 6 N/m 2

1025 kg/m 9.8 m/s d 9.5 10

3

d 950 m
Density of sea water

N/m 2

THE DEPTH OF OIL RESERVOIR

What the depth below the surface of oil reservoir,
if the wellhead pressure is 120 kN/m2?

oil with relative density 0.8; water = 1000 kg/m3; and Patm= 101kN/m2.

WATER DAM

FORCE ON VERTICAL PLANE SURFACES

Vertical plane (rectangular) with 20 m wide and 10 m high.
What is the net force on the plane ?
.

h
F

One side is exposed to the

atmosphere and the other
side to the water.
Here the pressure varies
linearly with depth: P=gh

Vertical rectangular wall (wall width = W)

Vertical plane surfaces

For an infinitesimal area dA the normal force due to the
pressure is
dF = p dA
Find resultant force acting on a finite surface by
integration

F P dA gh d Wh gW h dh
For vertical rectangular wall: F = g W H2

The Design of wall thickness

of a Tanks

structure must be designed to resist deformation and collapse under all

the conditions of loading. The loads to which a process vessel will be
subject

Major loads
1. Design pressure: including any significant static head of liquid.
2. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents, under operating
conditions.
3. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents under the hydraulic
test conditions.
4. Wind loads.
5. Earthquake (seismic) loads.
6. Loads supported by, or reacting on, the vessel.

The thickness of Storage Tanks

The thickness of Storage Tanks

Calculate the thicknes of tank to store 10.000m3

If the matarial is steel.
Find the tensile strength.

SEPARATOR OR GRAVITY DECANTER

FOR FLUIDS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITI
How it works

GRAVITY DECANTER

Hydrostati c Balance
Z B b Z A1 A Z A 2 A

Z A 2 Z T B
A

Z A1
1 B
A

When BA interface location is very sensitive to height of heavy liquid overflow leg. This leg is often
has adjustable height to give the best separation.

DECANTER
It is proposed to use a gravity decanter to
separate a light petroleum oil (density 50.0
lbm/ft3) from water (density 62.3 lbm/ft3). Its
desire to maintain a total depth of 30 in. in the
vessel and to have exactly equal depth of oil and
water. What should be the height , expressed in
inch of the water discharge leg above the bottom
of the vessel.

Centrifugal decanters
When the density difference between two immiscible liquids is small gravitation forces may be too
weak to separate them in a reasonable time. In this case we can use centrifugal forces to amplify the
forces exerted on the liquids.

Centrifugal separations are important in many food industries such a breweries, vegetable oil
processing, fruit juice processing. They are also used to separate emulsions into their components.

Hydrostatic Equilibrium
in a Centrifugal Field
2 N
Fc mr mr

60

Fg mg

Fc r 2 N

Fg g 60

Typically N1000 and r1m. Fc/Fg110. Neglect g.

Hydrostatic Equilibrium
in Centrifugal Field
Force on element dr at r
dF r dm dm 2rb dr
2

dF 2b 2 r 2 dr
dF
dP
2 r dr
2rb
2 2 2
P2 P1

r2 r1
2

Continuous Centrifugal Decanter

Pi PA Pi PB
Why ?

B
r
rB

ri

1 B
A
2
A

Continuous Centrifugal
Decanter

Consequences:

AB within 3% ri unstable
rB constant rA increased ri
shifted toward bowl wall

In commercial units rA and

rB are usually adjustable

Design of hydraulic jack

Pascals Principle
the Principle of transmission of fluid-pressure
"pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is
transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that
the pressure ratio (initial difference) remains the same

Gaya force F1
bekerja pada piston A1.
F1 = 500 N

P at point 1 P at point 2
F1
F2

A1 A 2
A2
F1
F2
A1

A2 A1

F2

500 N

10

5000 N

100

50,000 N

Exercises:

A hydraulic press has an input cylinder 1 inch in diameter and an output

cylinder 6 inches in diameter.
Assuming 100% efficiency, find the force exerted by the output piston
when a force of 10 pounds is applied to the input piston.
If the input piston is moved through 4 inches, how far is the output
piston moved?
a. 360 pounds
b. 1/9 inch

Exercises:

The input and output pistons of a hydraulic jack are

respectively 1 cm and 4 cm in diameter. A lever
with a mechanical advantage of 6 is used to apply
force to the input piston. How much mass can the
jack lift if a force of 180 N is applied to the lever and
efficiency is 80%?
1410.6 kg

Design of Ship

The buoyant force

When an object is placed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force we call
the buoyant force.
The buoyant force comes from the pressure exerted on the object by the
fluid. Because the pressure increases as the depth increases, the pressure
on the bottom of an object is always larger than the force on the top - hence
the net upward force.

F1

h1

h2

F2

Buoyancy
The net force due to pressure in the vertical direction is:
FB = F2- F1 = (Pbottom - Ptop) (xy)
The pressure difference is:
Pbottom Ptop = g (h2-h1) = g H
Combining:
FB = g H (xy)
Thus the buoyant force is:
FB = g V
Buoyant Force (FB) weight of fluid displaced

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

FB = fluidVdisplaced g
Fg = mg = object Vobject g
object sinks if object > fluid
object floats if object < fluid
object floats if fluid = object

Think this
Tub of water + ship

Which weighs more:

1. A large bathtub filled to the
brim with water.
2. A large bathtub filled to the
brim with water with a
battle-ship floating in it.
3. They will weigh the same.

Tub of water

Overflowed water
Weight of ship = Buoyant force =
Weight of displaced water
16

COBA PIKIRKAN

ice-cube

Sebuah balok es mengambang diatas

segelas air, sampai permukaan air rata
pada pinggiran.
Ketika es meleleh maka air di dalam
akan :
1.

2.
3.

Go up, causing the

water to spill out of
the glass.
Go down.
Stay the same.
CO
RR

Must be same!

B=

W g Vdisplaced

W = ice g Vice W g V
EC
T

ARCHIMEDES EXAMPLE
A cube of plastic 4.0 cm
on a side with density
= 0.8 g/cm3 is floating
in the water.
When a 9 gram coin is
placed on the block,
how much sinks below
water surface?

koin

ARCHIMEDES EXAMPLE
koin

Fb

F=ma
Fb Mg mg = 0

g Vdisp = (M+m) g
Mg mg

Vdisp = (M+m) /
h A = (M+m) /

M = plastic Vcube = 0.8x4x4x4

= 51.2 g

h = (M + m)/ ( A)
= (51.2+9)/(1 x 4 x 4) = 3.76 cm

Wadah segi 4 berdasar datar diisi dengan coal,

massanya 3.0105 kg. Panjang 20 m dan lebar 10m,
mengambang diair. Berapa kedalaman wadah masuk ke
dalam air.

F F

FB

w0

FB w

mw g wVw g mb g

wVw mb
w Ad mb
m
d b
w A

3.0 105 kg

1.5 m
3
1000 kg/m 20 m *10 m

FB

Sepotong logam dilepaskan

dibawah air water. Volume
metal 50.0 cm3 dan SG 5.0.
Hitung percepatan initialnya,
saat v=0 tidak ada gaya drag.

F F

FB

w ma

FB w FB

g
m m m

FB adalah berat fluida yang

dipindahkan oleh benda

FB waterVg

waterV

waterVg
a
g g
1
V

objectVobject
object
object

w
water = 1000 kg/m (at 4 C).
3

a g

specific gravity

object
5.0
water

waterV
1

1 g
1 g
1 7.8 m/s 2
objectVobject
S .G.
5.0

Find gauge pressure (kPa) at

points
A,B,C .

Calculate absolut pressure (atm) at point A

SG of fluid 1= 0,8 of water gr/cm3 and SG of fluid 2 = 1
Density of water 1 gr/cm3

SG=0,7

1ft
10ft

If pressure at A (surface) 2 psi higher than pressure at

B calculate angle

PA PB 2

Po PA hOA
2
2

lb f
in 2
lb f
in

lb f
in 2

Po PA hOA

g
gc

Po PB hOB

g
gc

g
g
PB hOB
gc
gc

hOA

g
g
hOB
gc
gc

( hOB

g
lbm lb f
ft 2
hOA )
{(10 sin ) 1}(0.7)(62.3) 2
gc
ft lbm 144in 2

(10 sin ) 1
sin ) 0.76

2(144)
(0.7)(62.3)

Problem 2.47 page.72

Pb Pa gH

P2 P1 Hg gH

Pb P2 gas g ( H x)
Pa P1 gas g ( x h)
Pb Pa P2 P1 g ( H h)

P1
P2

gH Hg gh gas g ( H h)
H Hg h gas ( H h)
h
H h
Hg (
) gas
H
H
7.5
100 7.5

13600 (
)1.2 1020 1.11
100
100

x
Pa

Pb

Error

1.11
100% 0.108%
1020 1.11