Introduction To HVACSystems (General)

Introduction to HVAC Systems

Chapter one
HVAC Systems An Exploded View
Comfort Requirements
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Fresh air
Clean air
Noise levels
Lighting
Furniture and work surfaces
The Five System Loops

Airside
Heat rejection
Chilled water
Controls
Refrigeration
Airside Loop
supply air
return air
sensible
heat
moisture
(latent heat)
conditioned
space
Cooling Load Components

roof
glass
solar
glass
conduction
exterior
wall
infiltration
people
lights
equipment
floor
partition
wall
Supply Fan and Filter

OA 35C
(95F)
EA
filter
MA
26.7C
(80F)
RA
supply
fan
23.9C
(75F)
SA
conditioned
space
Cooling Coil
OA 95F
EA
(35C)
MA
26.7C
tubes
(80F)
cooling
coil
RA
fins
23.9C
(75F)
SA
12.8C
(55F)
header
Chilled-Water Cooling Coil
warm,
humid air
cool,
dry air
drain pan
condensate drain line
part-load operation
Constant-Volume System
OA 95F
EA
(35C)
filter
MA
80F
(26.7C)
RA
75F
(23.9C)
SA
65F
(18.3C)
constant supply-air quantity

variable supply-air temperature
part-load operation
Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) System

OA 95F
EA
(35C)
MA
80F
variable supply-air quantity

constant supply-air temperature
(26.7C)
RA
airflow
modulation
device
75F
(23.9C)
SA
55F
(12.8C)
VAV
terminal
unit
VAV
terminal unit
Fan-Coil Unit
supply-air outlet
cooling coil
filter
supply fan
return-air inlet
Central Air Handler
cooling
coil
supply
fan
filters
supply-air
outlet
return-air
dampers
outdoor-air
dampers
Supply-Air Distribution System

outdoor-air inlet
sheet-metal supply duct
VAV
terminal
return-air
inlet
central
air handler
flexible
diffuser
duct
Ceiling Plenum Return

roof
plenum
ceiling
diffuser
supply air
return air
Chilled-Water Loop
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
cooling
coil
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
Evaporator
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
cooling
coil
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
evaporator
Shell-and-Tube Evaporator
chilled-water
supply
chilled-water
return
refrigerant
vapor
tubes
liquid and vapor

refrigerant
Pump and Control Valve
80F
(26.7C)
control
valve
57F
(13.9C)
cooling
coil
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
pump
evaporator
Two-Way Versus Three-Way Valves
coil with two-way

control valve
coil with three-way

control valve
Small Chilled-Water System

water chiller
cooling coil
pump
control
valve
Refrigeration Loop
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
50F
(10C)
evaporator
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
38F
(3.3C)
Compressor
compressor
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
50F
(10C)
120F
(48.9C)
evaporator
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
38F
(3.3C)
Reciprocating
Scroll
Helical-rotary
(screw)
Centrifugal
Condenser
compressor
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
50F
(10C)
120F
(48.9C)
evaporator
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
38F
110F
(3.3C) (43.3C)
condenser
Types of Condensers
fan
propeller fan
refrigerant vapor
finned-tube coil
outdoor air
air-cooled
liquid refrigerant
sump
evaporative
refrigerant vapor
condenser
water
water-cooled
liquid refrigerant
tubes
pump
Expansion Device
compressor
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
50F
(10C)
120F
(48.9C)
evaporator
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
38F
110F
(3.3C) (43.3C)
expansion
device
condenser
Helical-Rotary Water Chiller

compressor
condenser
condenser
water
chilled
water
evaporator
Finned-Tube Evaporator (Coil)
airflow
refrigerant
vapor
liquid
refrigerant
No Chilled-Water Loop
compressor
cooling coil
(evaporator)
expansion
device
air-cooled
condenser
Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioner

filters
supply fan
propeller-type
condenser fans
exhaust fan
cooling coil
(evaporator)
air-cooled condenser
compressors
Heat-Rejection Loop
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
50F
(10C)
120F
(48.9C)
100F
(37.8C)
condenser
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
38F
110F
(3.3C) (43.3C)
85F
(29.4C)
cooling
tower
Cooling Tower
propeller fan
sprays
fill
outdoor air
sump
to condenser
from condenser
Pump and Control Valve

control
valve
80F
(26.7C)
57F
(13.9C)
50F
(10C)
120F
(48.9C)
100F
(37.8C)
condenser
55F
(12.8C)
42F
(5.6C)
38F
110F
(3.3C) (43.3C)
85F
(29.4C)
pump
cooling
tower
Water Chiller and Cooling Tower

cooling tower
pump
control
valve
bypass pipe
water-cooled condenser
Packaged Air-Cooled Chiller
evaporator
propeller-type
condenser fans
compressor
air-cooled
condenser
Packaged Air-Cooled Chiller

compressor
evaporator
expansion
device
air-cooled
condenser
Controls Loop
building automation system

system-level controller
Rooftop VAV System
packaged rooftop
air conditioner
system-level
controller
VAV terminals
Air-Cooled Chiller, Fan-Coil System

dedicated outdoor-air unit
fan-coil units
exhaust fan
air-cooled chiller
hot-water boiler
pumps

period two
Direct Expansion (DX) Versus

Chilled-Water Systems
American Standard Inc. 2004
Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC018-EN
Direct Expansion (DX)
airflow
evaporator
expansion
valve
liquid
refrigerant
refrigerant
vapor
Air-Cooled DX System
compressor
air-cooled
condenser
propeller
fans
cooling coil
(evaporator)
outdoor
air
expansion
device
condenser coils
Packaged DX Air Conditioner

filters
supply fan
propeller-type
condenser fans
exhaust fan
cooling coil
(evaporator)
compressors
Split DX System
cooling coil
(evaporator)
supply fan
compressors
refrigerant piping
Chilled-Water Loop
control
valve
cooling
coil
evaporator
pump
Packaged Water Chillers
water-cooled
air-cooled
Split Chilled-Water System

air-cooled condensing unit
remote
evaporator
refrigerant
piping
DX versus chilled water
Factors Affecting the Decision
Installed cost
Energy consumption
Space requirements
Freeze prevention
Building height, size,

shape
System capacity
Centralized maintenance
Stability of control
Individual tenant billing
Installed Cost
air-cooled DX system
air-cooled,
chilled-water system
Energy Consumption
DX
chilled
water
Compressor(s)
Supply and exhaust

(or return) fans
Condenser (or
cooling tower) fans
Pumps
Space Requirements
rooftop installation
indoor equipment room
Freeze Prevention
ethylene glycol concentration,
% by weight
70
60
freeze protection
50
40
30
20
burst protection
10
0
-50
(-46)
-40
(-40)
-30
(-34)
-20
(-29)
-10
(-23)
(-18)
temperature, F (C)
10
(-12)
20
(-7)
30
(-1)
Building Height, Size, Shape
equipment type
System Capacity
packaged water chillers

DX equipment
0
200
400
4,000
(0)
(700)
(1,400)
(14,000)
cooling capacity, tons (kW)
Centralized Maintenance
Stability of Control
DX
setpoint
chilled
water
Individual Tenant Billing

period three
Common HVAC System Types
zones served by supply fan
System Categories
single zone
constant volume
single zone
variable volume
multiple zone
constant volume
multiple zone
variable volume
air volume delivered by supply fan
Single Zone, Constant Volume

EA
OA
RA
cooling
coil
supply
fan
SA
thermostat
zone
single-zone systems
Single Thermostat
single zone, constant volume
Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner
condenser fan
supply fan
compressor
air-cooled
condenser
filter
front grille
cooling coil
(evaporator)
wall sleeve
Packaged DX Rooftop System

packaged rooftop
air conditioner
sheet-metal
supply duct
diffuser
Split DX System
cooling coil
(evaporator)
supply fan
compressors
refrigerant piping
Chilled-Water Terminal System

air-cooled
water chiller
classroom
unit ventilator
pumps
hot-water
boiler
Four-Pipe Versus Two-Pipe System

4-pipe
2-pipe
Coils per terminal unit
Water distribution piping
2 sets
1 set
Heating and cooling
either or both
simultaneously
mutually
exclusive
Temperature control
direct
direct
Humidity control
direct
indirect
(if heating coil

downstream
of cooling coil)
Dedicated Outdoor-Air System

OA ducted
directly to
spaces
OA ducted to
terminal units
OA ducted to
plenum near
terminal units
Single Zone, Variable Volume

EA
OA
RA
cooling
coil
variable-speed
drive
supply
fan
SA
thermostat
zone
zones served by supply fan
System Categories
single zone
constant volume
single zone
variable volume
multiple zone
constant volume
multiple zone
variable volume
air volume delivered by supply fan
Multiple Zones, Constant Volume

EA
OA
RA
cooling
coil
supply
fan
SA
reheat coil
thermostat
zone
zone
multiple zones, constant volume
Multizone Air Handler
RA
EA
SA
OA
multizone air handler
thermostat
zone
zone
ChangeoverBypass System
EA
RA
bypass damper
OA
supply
fan
constant-volume supply fan,

variable-volume airflow to spaces
SA
damper
thermostat
zone
zone
ChangeoverBypass System
packaged rooftop
air conditioner
diffuser
modulating
damper
system-level
controller
bypass
damper
Multiple Zones, Variable Volume

EA
OA
RA
cooling
coil
supply
fan
SA
VAV box
thermostat
zone
zone
multiple zones, variable volume
VAV Terminal Units
parallel
fan-powered
cooling only
cooling
with reheat
series
fan-powered
DX Rooftop VAV System

packaged DX rooftop
air conditioner
return
supply
VAV terminal,
diffusers
system-level
controller
Self-Contained DX VAV System

cooling tower
diffuser
VAV terminal
self-contained
DX air conditioner
system-level
controller
hot-water boiler,
pumps
Central Chilled-Water VAV System

cooling tower
VAV terminal,
diffusers
air handler
hot-water boiler,
pumps
system-level
controller
water-cooled
chiller
Two-Fan, Dual-Duct VAV System

cooling air handler
OA
PA
dual-duct
VAV terminal
units
heating air handler
EA
RA
PA
Dual-Duct VAV Terminal Unit

warm primary air
cool primary air
supply air

period four
Factors That Affect Selection of

the HVAC System
Preference of Building Owner
Owner
Occupies building
Developer
Leases to tenants
May sell building soon

after construction
Available Construction Budget

interior
other
foundation
exterior,
roof
structure
mechanical
electrical
Size and Shape of Building
Function of Building
Comfort requirements
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Fresh air
Clean air
Noise levels
Number of tenants
After-hours usage
Architectural Limitations
Life-Cycle Cost
Installation
Energy (operation)
Maintenance
Replacement
Ease of Operation and Maintenance
Time Available for Construction

period five
Review
ReviewPeriod One
building automation system

ReviewPeriod Two
packaged DX
rooftop air conditioner
packaged
air-cooled water chiller
ReviewPeriod Three
multiple-zone, central
chilled-water VAV system
single-zone, packaged
DX rooftop system
ReviewPeriod Four
Preference of building owner
Available construction budget
Size and shape of building
Function of building (comfort requirements)
Architectural limitations
Life-cycle cost
Ease of operation and maintenance
Time available for construction

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