L-6 UNIVERSE

Stars

What is a star ?

Stars are the most widely recognized

astronomical objects, and represent the most
fundamental building blocks of galaxies
Astaris a luminous sphere of plasma held
together by its own gravity

Classification Of Stars

Stars are classified by their spectra (the elements that they

absorb) and their temperature. There are seven main types
of stars. In order of decreasing temperature, O, B, A, F, G, K,
and M.
O and B stars are uncommon but very bright; M stars are
common but dim..

How are they made ?

A star is born when atoms of light elements are squeezed

under enough pressure for their nuclei to undergo fusion.

All stars are the result of a balance of

forces: the force of gravity compresses
atoms in
interstellar gas until the fusion
reactions begin.

And once the fusion reactions begin,

they exert an outward pressure.
As long as the inward force of gravity
and the outward force generated by the
fusion reactions are
equal,
the star remains stable.

A stars life

A star's lifebeginswith thegravitational collapseof a gaseousnebulaof

material composed primarily of Hydrogen, along with Helium and trace
amounts of heavier elements.

Once the stellar core is sufficiently dense, Hydrogen gets steadily converted
into Helium through nuclear fusion, releasing energy in the process.The
remainder of the star's interior carries energy away from the core through a
combination ofradioactiveprocesses.

The star's internal pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own
gravity. Once the Hydrogenfuelat the core is exhausted, a star with at least
0.4 times the mass of the Sunexpands to become ared giant, in some cases
fusing heavierelementsat the core or in shells around the core.

The star then evolves into a degenerate form, recycling a portion of its matter
into the interstellar environment, where it will contribute to the formation of a
new generation of stars with a higher proportion of heavy elements.

Meanwhile, the core becomes astellar remnant: awhite dwarf, aneutron

star, or (if it is sufficiently massive) ablack hole.

Parts Of the Lifecycle Of the star

1. Stellar nebula
A Stellar nebulais an interstellar cloud in outer space that is
made up of dust, hydrogen and helium gas, and plasma. It is
formed when portions of the interstellar medium collapse and
clump together due to the gravitational attraction of the particles
that comprise them.

2. Average Star
An average star will burn with a medium temperature and
an orange, yellow, or blue-white color for tens of billions
of years on the main sequence. Oursunis an average star

3. Red Giant & Red Super Giant

Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply of
hydrogen
in their cores and switched to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen
in a shell surrounding the core.
Ared supergiantis an aging giantstarthat has consumed
its core's supply of hydrogen fuel. Helium has accumulated in
the core, and hydrogen is now undergoing nuclear fusion in the
outer shells. It is orange in colour but is nomenclated as red.

4. Planetary Nebula
Aplanetary nebulais anebulathat is made up ofgasand
plasma. They are made by certain types ofstarswhen they
die. They are named this because they look likeplanetsthrough
smalloptical telescopes.They do not last for very long compared
to a star, only tens of thousands of years..

5. Supernova
Asupernovais when a very bigstarexplodes. This happens when
a star stops making light and heat (hot), so it falls into itself(collapses)
and after that explodes. The biggest of these stars we know of are
Called hypergiantsand smaller ones are calledsupergiants. They are
very big, and because ofgravitythey press on their centres
very hard and use up their energy very quickly, so they normally only
live for a few million years

6. White Dwarf
Awhite dwarfis acompact star. Theirmatteris squashed together.
Gravitationhas pulled theatomsclose together, and stripped off their
electrons. Themassof a white dwarf's mass is similar to that of theSun,
but its volume is similar to that of theEarth.

7. Black Dwarf
A black dwarf is created when awhite dwarfstar becomes too cool.
Then it can no longer create large amounts ofheatandlight.
The star will dim and become black. Black dwarfs are not confirmed to
exist because it takes longer than the currentage of the universe
(13.8 billion years) for a white dwarf to become one.

8. Neutron Star
Aneutron staris a very small anddense
star made almost completely ofneutrons.
It is a very largenucleus held together bygravity.

9. Black Hole
Ablack holeis a region of space from which nothing,
includinglight, can escape. According to the
general theory of relativity, it is the result of the curving of
Spacetime caused by a verydensemass.

10 Facts about stars

1)
2)

Every star you see in the night sky is bigger and brighter than our
sun.
Stars are black bodies.(A black body is an object that absorbs 100%
of all electromagnetic radiation)

3) Contrary to popular belief a black hole does not suck in the objects
around it.Due to their incredible mass, according to Einsteins general
theory of relativity, they actually bend space in such a way that
everything within their gravitational field is pushed towards it. A black
holes gravitational field is so strong that even light cannot escape it.
4)

The closest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri. It is located about 4.2

light-years away from the Earth.

5)

The coolest stars in the universe are red.

6)

The hottest stars are blue.

7)

The sun is the smallest star. It is referred as a G2 yellow dwarf star.

Most other stars are red dwarfs.

8) When you look at stars you are literally looking back in

time. This is because the light from the star takes millions of
years to reach the Earth. When you look at any star, you are
actually looking how it looked thousands of years ago.
9) There are approximately 400 billon stars in the galaxy. With
as many as 500 billiongalaxies in the Universe, it is almost
impossible to count how many stars are there in the
Universe.
10) Stars are usually between 1 and 10 billion years old. Some
stars may even be close to the age of the observed
Universe at nearly 13.8 billion years old.